rheumatoid arthritis

Penicillamine (Artamine), possessing antineoplastic properties, induces apoptosis by a p53-mediated mechanism and inhibits angiogenesis by chelating with copper, a cofactor for angiogenesis. Artamine is a beta dimethyl analog of the amino acid cysteine. As a degradation product of penicillin antibiotics, Artamine chelates with heavy metals and increases their urinary excretion.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Mizoribine (NSC-289637) belongs to the family of 1-Ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. Mizoribine has been investigated for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

p-Coumaric Acid Ethyl Ester (Ethyl (E)-p-hydroxycinnamate) is the ethyl ester of p-Coumaric acid. p-Coumaric Acid is a common dietary polyphenol and also a potent immunosuppressive agent in treating autoimmune inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Methylcobalamin (Brassinolide) is one active form of vitamin B12 which can directly participate in homocysteine metabolism. It is used to treat some nutritional diseases and other diseases in clinic, such as Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. Thymopentin (TP5) is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.

Eleutheroside E has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activities. Eleutheroside E significantly decreases the inflammatory cell infiltration, pannus formation, cartilage damage, bone erosion of CIA mice, the generation of TNF-α and IL-6, the m

Oxaceprol (N-Acetyl-L-hydroxyproline) is an established therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis.

Benzoylmesaconine (Mesaconine 14-benzoate) is the most abundant component of Wutou decoction, which is widely used in China because of its therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. Benzoylmesconine has analgesic activity. Benzoylmesconine may improve the resistance of T6S-mice (or thermally injured mice) to the infection of HSV-1, through the induction of antagonistic CD4+ T cells against burn-associated type-2 T cells.

Triptotriterpenic acid A, a natural product isolated from *Tripterygium wilfordii*,

Pectolinarin is a Cirsium isolate with anti-inflammatory activity.

Mollugin (Rubimaillin) may be a JAK2 inhibitor and inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by blocking the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Mollugin as a candidate for a chemotherapeutic agent in OSCCs via the upregulation of the HO-1 and Nrf2 pathways and the downregulation of NF- κ B. Mollugin may be a novel therapeutic candidate for bone loss-associated disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Also, it has anticancer efficacy, can modulate the HER2 pathway in HER2-overexpressing Y cells with a potential role in the treatment and prevention of human breast and ovarian Y with HER2 overexpression.

Resolvin D5 is an oxidised lipid mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and chemokine CCL5 in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells via the ERK-NF-κB signalling pathway.

1. Norisoboldine ((+)-Laurelliptine) might be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis, and it functions through protecting joint destruction as well as regulating the abnormal immune responses. 2. Norisoboldine inhibits the macrophage activation and the resultant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via down-regulating the activation of MAPKs signaling pathways rather than NF-κB.

1. Periplocin (Periplocoside) has anti-cancer effects on lung cancer cells, induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of cancer cells by the beta-catenin Tcf signaling pathway. 2. Periplocin is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, reinforcement of bones and tendons, palpitations or shortness of breath and lower extremity edema in traditional medicine.

1. 8-Gingerol has antioxidant activity. 2. 8-Gingerol has antimycobacterial activity. 3. 8-Gingerol could be used as an effective skin-whitening agent. 4. 8-Gingerol shows antipyretic and anti-inflammation characteristics. 5. 8-Gingerol seems to be effect

1. Brazilin (Braziletto) exhibits anti-hepatotoxic, antiplatelet effects. 2. Brazilin has cancer preventive effect, may inhibit T24 cell growth and trigger cell death through a c-Fos-mediated and tumor cell specific signaling pathway. 3. Brazilin has anti-inflammatory property, can suppress mastitis and high glucose-induced vascular inflammatory process related with the inhibition of oxidative stress, CAMs expression, and NF-κB activation in HUVEC; may be useful to treat chronic inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis.

Norisoboldine hydrochloride, an orally active aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and a prominent isoquinoline alkaloid found in Radix Linderae, is utilized for research purposes in the study of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ulcerative Colitis [1] [2].

Kopsininic acid, a natural product isolated from Kopsia hainanensis, has potential applications in researching rheumatoid arthritis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and edema [1].

Angeloylbinankadsurin A (compound 7), an anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) agent, can be extracted from the EtOAc and CH2Cl2 extracts of Black Tiger Beard. It displays inhibitory effects on RA-FLS cells with an IC50 of 11.70 μM and exhibits mild toxicity to human cancer cell lines Hela and BGC-823, with IC50 values of 19.9 μM and 21.93 μM, respectively [1].

Lupeol acetate, a derivative of Lupeol, inhibits the progression of rheumatoid arthritis by downregulating TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, VEGF and granzyme B.

Lupeol acetate is a derivative of Lupeol with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-snake venom, anti-fertility effects and oral activity. It is able to inhibit rheumatoid arthritis by down-regulating inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, VEGF, granzyme B) and is cytotoxic to Hep-3B and A549 cells.

1beta-Hydroxyalantolactone is a small molecular compound isolated from the flower head of the medicinal plant giant British flower, which can inhibit the expression of TNF-α, IL-17 and IFN-γ in cells, promote the secretion of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17, and prevent and treat rheumatoid arthritis.