β cell

β-Bag cell peptide, a neuroactive peptide, elevates cyclic AMP levels and reduces the amplitudes of voltage-dependent potassium currents [1] in bag cell neurons.

Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in human plasma, is produced in the liver and is water soluble, with a molecular weight of 66.5 kDa. HSA inhibits Alzheimer's disease by selectively binding to cross-structured A oligomers. HSA is a key endogenous inhibitor of amyloid-β (Αβ) aggregation. HSA is used as a carrier protein in cell culture for the transport of fatty acids, steroids, and thyroid hormones and to regulate osmolality of the blood, and is also used in drug delivery studies, immunoassays, and cell freezing. cell freezing.

Cyclo(RADfK) is a selective α(v)β(3) integrin ligand extensively used for research, therapy, and diagnosis of neoangiogenesis. It also serves as a negative control for cyclo(-RGDfK-), the RGD peptide, which modulates cell adhesion and is recognized by several integrin family members.

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

Selective peptide-based β-catenin Degrader. Comprises a β-catenin-targeted stapled peptide, xStAx, linked to a VHL-binding peptide. Reduces β-catenin levels in HEK293T cells and colorectal cancer cell lines. Selectively degrades β-catenin over other Wnt signaling pathway components. Inhibits tumor growth in APCmin/+ mice, with constitutively active Wnt signaling, and reduces survival of patient-derived colorectal cancer cell organoids.

Amylin (8-37), human, derived from human Amylin, possesses direct vasodilator effects in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries of rats. Human Amylin is a small pancreatic β-cell hormone that forms aggregates in the absence of insulin and is a key pathological feature of type II diabetes mellitus.

LKKTETQ, a peptide segment within thymosin β 4, constitutes the protein's active site responsible for actin binding, cell migration, and wound healing.

PKC β pseudosubstrate TFA is a selective, cell-permeable inhibitor of PKC [1].

NLS-StAx-h TFA is a selective and cell-permeable stapled peptide that inhibits Wnt signaling with an IC50 value of 1.4 μM, effectively suppressing β-catenin-transcription factor interactions and demonstrating anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells [1] [2].

Melittin free acid, a basic 26-amino-acid polypeptide, constitutes the primary active component of honeybee venom and serves as a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activator. Exhibiting a broad-spectrum antifungal effect, it presents MIC values ranging from 0.4-60 μM. Its mechanism includes inducing cell apoptosis, inhibiting (1,3)-β-D-glucan synthase, and engaging in multiple pathways [1] [2].

Amylin (1-37) (human) (hIAPP (1-37)), a peptide hormone located in pancreatic beta-cell secretory granules, is characterized by an amidated C-terminus and a disulfide bond between cysteine residues 2 and 7 [1].

Human PTHrP-(1-36) is a secreted parathyroid hormone-related protein with anticalciuric effects, promoting beta cell function and proliferation, and is used in research on humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) and hyperparathyroidism [1] [3].

Tachyplesin I, a β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide with 17 amino acid residues, demonstrates cytotoxicity against a range of human tumor cell lines, primarily by compromising the outer cell membrane [1].

GIP, rat TFA (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), a 42-amino acid peptide secreted by K cells in the duodenum and jejunum, promotes insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, supports beta cell proliferation, and enhances their survival. This rat-origin bioactive peptide, along with GLP (gastric-like peptide), belongs to the intestinal insulinotropic hormone family and is implicated in lipid homeostasis and potentially in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recent research suggests GIP's multifaceted role in these metabolic processes.

GIP (rat) (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide), also known as Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, is a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide secreted by the K cells of the duodenum and jejunum following food consumption. It belongs to the incretin hormone peptide family, which includes GLP (Gastric-like Peptide), and it not only stimulates insulin release from pancreatic islet β-cells but also may encourage β-cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, recent research indicates GIP may have a role in lipid regulation and could contribute to the development of obesity.

Fmoc-Thr(GalNAc(Ac)3-β-D)-OH impedes cancer cell proliferation by selectively interacting with complex oncogenic pathways and enhancing the immune response [1].

DiaPep277, a 24 amino acid peptide sourced from HSP60 positions 437-460, impedes β-cell destruction in NOD mice and modulates diabetogenic T-cell activity in animal diabetes models [1] [2].

BDC2.5 Mimotope 1040-63 is a biologically active peptide used in the investigation of type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease where T cells induce destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. This mimotope, originating from the TCR transgenic model (BDC2.5), facilitates the examination of antigen presentation mechanisms to islet autoantigen-specific T cells, contributing to the understanding of T cell-mediated beta-cell damage due to autoreactive T cell responses.

Bamadutide (SAR425899) is a potent dual agonist for the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and glucagon receptor, enhancing β-cell function and reducing glucose absorption in vivo, thereby improving postprandial glucose control. This compound has potential applications in type 2 diabetes research [1].

Tat-NTS peptide, a cell-penetrating compound, comprises the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain fused with a 10-amino acid sequence (residues 228-237) from the repeat III domain of annexin A1, serving as a nuclear translocation signal (NTS). This peptide hinders the interaction between annexin A1 and importin β, obstructing annexin A1's nuclear entry in primary mouse hippocampal neurons. Tat-NTS effectively prevents apoptosis triggered by glucose-oxygen deprivation and reperfusion in these neurons. When administered in vivo at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, it significantly reduces infarct size, minimizes neuronal apoptosis, and improves navigation performance in the Morris water maze test for mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

EP4 antagonist 14 is a prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP4 antagonist, demonstrating an IC50 of 1.1 nM in a HEK293 human receptor reporter assay and blocking β-arrestin recruitment due to PGE2 with an IC50 of 0.9 nM. At 10 µM, it reduces PGE2-stimulated mRNA levels of Il-4, macrophage mannose receptor 1 (Mrc1), chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3), chemokine (C-X-C) motif ligand 1 (Cxcl1), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), and arginase-1 (Arg1) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. When used at 30 mg/kg per day alongside anti-PD-1 antibodies, it curbs tumor growth and enhances CD8+ T cell infiltration in tumors using a CT26 murine colon cancer model.

Amylin, amide, human is a 37-amino acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin to regulate postprandial glucose levels, reducing glucagon secretion and delays gastric emptying. DAP Amide's tendency to aggregate into amyloid fibrils is associated with pancreatic β-cell damage in type 2 diabetes.

TB-500 is a synthesised peptide, essentially a short-chain version of the naturally occurring Thymosin Beta-4.

PKC β pseudosubstrate acetate (PKC β pseudosubstrate acetate (172308-76-8 Free base)) is a selective cell-permeable inhibitor of PKC.