κ-opioid

Lumichrome is an endogenous compound in humans, produced by photodegradation of riboflavin. It utilizes a p53-dependent mechanism to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in human lung cancer cells.

Progesterone is a steroid hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and is essential for pregnancy. It is also commonly used to induce melasma models.

Mianserin hydrochloride (Org GB 94) is a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant properties that blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and certain serotonin receptors; it may cause drowsiness and hematological issues.

(-)-Menthol (Levomenthol) is a levo isomer of menthol, an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or mint oils with flavoring and local anesthetic properties. When added to pharmaceuticals and foods, menthol functions as a fortifier for peppermint flavors. It also has a counterirritant effect on skin and mucous membranes, thereby producing a local analgesic or anesthetic effect.

Matrine (Vegard), an alkaloid isolated from the Sophora genus, acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist.

Salvinorin A is a non-nitrogenous κ-opioid selective agonist.

Herkinorin is an opioid analgesic and an analogue of the natural product Salvinorin A. herkinorin is a μ-opioid agonist with more than 100x higher μ-opioid affinity and 50x lower κ-opioid affinity compared to Salvinorin A. Herkinorin is a semi-synthetic c

Amentoflavone (3',8''-Biapigenin), as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, can interact with many other medications. CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 are proteins used for drug metabolism in the body. Amentoflavone also is an inhibitor of human cathepsin B. It has antimalarial activity in trials significant affinities towards the Delta-1, kappa opioid receptors (as an antagonist) and binds to benzodiazepine receptors. Amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having the dual inhibitory activity of group II phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Amentoflavone and quercetin differentially exerted suppression of PGE2 biosynthesis via downregulation of COX-2/iNOS expression.

Mitraciliatine, an alkaloid discovered in M. speciosa (Kratom in Thai), acts as a partial agonist for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and an agonist for the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), demonstrating selectivity for these receptors over the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) with EC50 values of 228, 218, and >1,000 nM respectively in mouse receptors through a GTPγS binding assay. When administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) at 100 nmol/animal, mitraciliatine increases latency to withdrawal in the warm water tail withdrawal assay in mice, an effect reversable by MOR knockout but unaffected by KOR knockout, distinguishing it from morphine by not causing hyperlocomotion or respiratory depression.

Matrine (Standard) is the standard substance of Matrine, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Matrine (Vegard), an alkaloid isolated from the Sophora genus, acts as a kappa opioid receptor agonist.

A series of a hydroxy substituted derivatives 21-28 at C-17 of the Picraline-type alkaloids have been derived as having potent SGLT inhibitory activity.