ca2+ channels

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is an effective and selective calcium ionophore, demonstrating high specificity for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba).

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

Acetylcholine Chloride is the chloride salt form of acetylcholine, a synthetic, quaternary amino alcohol with cholinergic properties. Acetylcholine chloride (Pilofrin) mimics the parasympathomimetic effect of the endogenous compound acetylcholine. Administered as an ophthalmic solution, this drug stimulates the cholinoceptors in the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict.

Tetrandrine (Sinomenine A) is a naturally occurring biphenylisoquinoline alkaloid, a calcium channel inhibitor. Tetrandrine inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels (ICa) and Ca2+-activated potassium channels.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Vitamin C sodium salt) is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an alternative to taking ascorbic acid as a supplement.

Ginsenoside Rd (Gypenoside VIII) may have properties that inhibit or prevent the growth of tumors.

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite (SM) made by A. flavus. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA)nanomolar inhibitor and a potent inducer of cell death in plants.

Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine) suppresses nicotinic receptor-mediated diaphragm contractions with an IC50 of 59.6 μM.

Gomisin J is a natural product and have vasodilatory activity. Gomisin J suppresses lipid accumulation by regulating the expression of lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecules through activation of AMPK, LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and inhibition of fetuin-A in HepG2 cells.

1. Heteroclitin D can inhibit L-type calcium channels. 2. Heteroclitin D might be a valuable antitumor promoter or chemopreventor.

Taurolithocholic acid sodium salt (Sodium taurolithocholate) is the major human metabolite, a bile acid which inhibits radioligand binding to muscarinic M1, but not to M2 or M3 receptors.

1. Praeruptorin C and E can relax swine coronary artery and decrease contractility in guinea-pig left atria, these effects are similar in many respects to those displayed by drugs that have calcium entry blocking activity. 2. Praeruptorin D and E can prot

Glaucine has antitussive, antioxidative potential and antiviral activities, it may be an anti-arthritic agent, it can enhance LPS and zymosan-induced IL-10 production. Glaucine can inhibit the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells by MMP-9 i

1. Praeruptorin C has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases. 2. Praeruptorin C partially protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family. 3.

Ginsenoside Rf (Panaxoside Rf) is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel.

Cycleanine has potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial, and cytotoxic activities.

14-Deoxyandrographolide is a bioactive compound of Andrographis paniculata with hepatoprotective efficacy. It desensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-α-mediated apoptosis through the release of TNFRSF1A release.

Psoralenoside is a natural product isolated from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia, shows estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity.

Yangambin is a selective antagonist of the cardiovascular effects of platelet activating factor (PAF); it has hypotensive effect, which is probably due to a peripheral vasodilatation that involves, at least, the inhibition the Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Yangambin also has central nervous system activity.

Urolithin C is a gut metabolite of ellagic acid. Urolithin C induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.

Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium (Tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate) is a water-soluble derivative of tanshinone IIA extracted from Savia miltiorrhiza; a potent negative allosteric modulator of the human purinergic receptor P2X7. Tanshinone IIA sulfonate sodium (12.5 μM) inhibits hypoxia-induced PKG and PPAR-γ downregulation in PASMCs and distal pulmonary arteries of rats.

Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.