sars coronavirus

Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and apoptosis-inducing activities. It inhibits the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in neutrophils and monocytes, suppresses LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and induces autophagy. It is commonly used to induce animal models of depression, muscle atrophy, and hypertension, and holds potential in COVID-19 research.

Suramin Sodium Salt (BAY-205) is a sodium salt form of suramin, a polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.

Punicalagin is a major ellagitannin found in pomegranates that is reported to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated accumulation of cardiac triglyceride and ch

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analog, a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that exerts its activity by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viruses. Remdesivir is active against Ebola, SARS, and MERS viruses, and is potentially therapeutic against COVID-19.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

PF-07321332 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease (3CLPRO) .

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

GRL-0496 is a potent inhibitor with an enzyme inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV 3CLpro with an IC50 of 30 nM and antiviral potency with an EC50 value of 6.9 μM.

Ensitrelvir (S-217622) is an orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease with IC50 of 13 nM.

Atazanavir (BMS-232632)(BMS-232632) is an highly effective HIV-1 protease inhibitor.

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

Cepharanthine (NSC-623442) is a natural alkaloid that inhibits TNF-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, and platelet aggregation, as well as cytokine production. Cepharanthine exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities.

Imiquimod (R 837) is an immune response modifier and a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist with antiviral and antitumor effects. It is used in the study of external genital warts, perianal warts, cancer, and COVID-19, and is commonly employed to induce psoriasis models.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Bromhexine hydrochloride (Bisolvon) is a mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus.

Mefloquine hydrochloride (Mefloquin hydrochloride) is a quinoline derivative used for the prevention and therapy of P. falciparum malaria.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Ketotifen fumarate (HC 20511 fumarate) is a cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators.

Ivermectin (MK-933) is an activator of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) with antiparasitic activity.

Clofoctol is a bacteriostatic antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive bacteria, used in the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.

Mizoribine (NSC-289637) belongs to the family of 1-Ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. Mizoribine has been investigated for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Amantadine hydrochloride (CI-719) is an antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A and Parkinson disease.

Ritonavir (ABT 538) is a peptidomimetic agent that inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. Ritonavir is highly inhibited by serum proteins but boosts the effect of other HIV proteases by blocking their degradation by cytochrome P450.

Lopinavir (ABT-378) is a peptidomimetic HIV protease inhibitor effective against HIV protease with the Val 82 mutation. It is less affected by serum protein binding compared to the structurally related drug ritonavir.