norepinephrine

Norepinephrine (Levophed) can stimulate apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the β-adrenergic pathway. It can up-regulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumour cells.

Norepinephrine bitartrate monohydrate (Levophed) is a direct alpha-adrenergic receptors stimulator.

Norepinephrine hydrochloride (Levarterenol hydrochloride) is a β1 -selective agonist of the adrenergic receptor with EC 50 of 5.37 μM [1].

Reserpine (Serpalan) is an alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

Norepinephrine bitartrate is a precursor of epinephrine. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus.