accumulation

MPI_5a is an effective and selective inhibitor of HDAC6 (IC50=36 nM). MPI_5a weakly inhibits other HDAC isoforms and it also inhibits acyl-tubulin accumulation in cells (IC50: 210 nM).

AY 9944 is a specific cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor that targets the 7-dehydrocholesterol Δ7-reductase (DHCR7) enzyme (IC50=13 nM). At high doses, AY 9944 also inhibits sterol Δ7-Δ8 isomerase in cultured embryos, leading to the accumulation of cholest-8-en-3β-ol[1][2][3]. Additionally, AY 9944 causes hypocholesterolemia and accumulation of 7DHC.

Deferoxamine(Desferrioxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds Fe(III) and many other metal cations) that inhibits neuronopathy, may be used to modify the reduction of iron accumulation and deposition in tissues, and may improve neurological dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury.Desferrioxamin-B has antioxidant, antiproliferative, Deferoxamine has antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities, and can induce HIF-1α production, apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells.Desferrioxamin-B can be used in the treatment of acute iron toxicity and COVID-19 related diseases.

Deferoxamine Mesylate (DFOM) is an iron chelator and ferroptosis inhibitor. Deferoxamine Mesylate binds free iron into a stable complex and reduces iron accumulation. Deferoxamine Mesylate up-regulates HIF-1α levels and induces apoptosis.

MHY1485 is an mTOR activator that is cell-permeable. MHY1485 inhibits autophagosome and lysosome fusion, leading to accumulation of LC3II proteins and increased autophagosomes, thereby inhibiting cellular autophagy.

Valproic Acid (2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor that inhibits HDAC1 activity, induces HDAC2 degradation, and is orally active. Valproic Acid can be used in epilepsy and bipolar disorder research.

Ceranib1 is an inhibitor of ceramidase. It inhibits the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Ceranib1 inhibits ceramidase activity toward an exogenous ceramide analog, induces the accumulation of multiple ceramide species, decreases levels of S1P and sphingosine.

Siguazodan (SKF 94836) is an effective, selective, orally active phosphodiesterase III ((PDE-III)) inhibitor with an IC50 of 117 nM. Siguazodan inhibited phenylephrine induced 5-HT release with an IC50 value of 4.2 μM. Siguazodan can increase cAMP accumulation in intact platelets, with EC50 of 18.88 μM.

5-ALA benzyl ester hydrochloride (Benzyl-ALA hydrochloride) is a protoporphyrin precursor used as a photodetection agent. It induces protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) accumulation in colon carcinoma cell lines.

VRT-532 (CFpot-532) is an effective modulator of CFTR and is commonly used in studies of cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by CFTR defects. Modification of CFTR by this small molecule modulator can increase arylsulfatase B (ARSB), which is necessary to reduce the accumulation of sulphate glycosaminosaccharide (gag), thus reducing the accumulation of 4-chondroitin sulfate in cystic fibrosis.

Etiprednol dicloacetate (BNP-166) is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory activity.Etiprednol dicloacetate inhibits the accumulation of eosinophils and can be used in the study of inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and in the treatment of Crohn's disease.

Patamostat mesylate (E-3123) is a potent protease inhibitor with IC50 values of 39 nM for trypsin, 950 nM for plasmin, and 1.9 μM for thrombin. This compound demonstrates promising potential in suppressing the pathogenesis and development of acute pancreatitis.

ZNL 02-096 (Pomalidomide-C3-adavosertib) is a rapid and selective degrader of Wee1 (IC50=3.58 nM).ZNL 02-096 selectively degrades Wee1 at submolar concentrations without damaging PLK1, a secondary target of AZD 1775.ZNL 02-096 induces degradation of Wee1 and accumulation of DNA damage in MOLT-4 cells in vitro, In vitro in MOLT-4 cells, ZNL 02-096 induced Wee1 degradation, accumulation of DNA damage, cell cycle arrest in G2 M phase and apoptosis.ZNL 02-096 showed anti-proliferative effects in 300 cancer cell lines.

Z-FY-CHO (Z-Phe-Tyr-CHO) is a selective histone L (Cat L) inhibitor that promotes autophagy, reduces the accumulation of P62, and blocks the activation of caspase-3 and PARP.

Ezurpimtrostat hydrochloride (GNS561 hydrochloride) is an orally available palmitoyl protein thioesterase-1 inhibitor with antifibrotic, antiviral, and anticancer effects that blocks cancer cell proliferation by interacting with palmitoyl protein thioesterase to inhibit late autophagy and dose-dependently increase lysosomal accumulation.

Copper histidine inhibited Ctr1-mediated cellular uptake of oxaliplatin in vitro without altering oxaliplatin accumulation of platinum or neurotoxicity in DRG tissues in vivo. Copper histidine is administered orally for the treatment of Menkes disease.

timcodar is a non-FKBP12 binding macrolide derivative that is an efflux pump inhibitor with antimicrobial activity, inhibition of lipid accumulation, inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and can be used in the study of obesity. timcodar is a non-FKBP12 binding macrolide derivative with antimicrobial activity.

KW-2450 Formate is an IGF-1R IR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antitumor effects that acts through inhibition of Aurora A and B kinases.KW-2450 Formate inhibits the growth of TNBC xenografts and induces tetraploid accumulation.

Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate (Lithium citrate tribasic tetrahydrate) , the active component of Lithium, is a medicine used in the therapy of psychiatric disease. It has shown the effects of signaling pathways and metabolic in the brain based on the particular disease and clinical condition model. According to the reports, Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate was used as a mood stabilizer when treating bipolar mood disorders (BD) and lower the risk of self-harm in BD patient. In addition,Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate has been the choice drug in the therapy of acute manic episodes.Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate also could dissolve uric acid crystals in urine achieved from patients with gout. Besides,Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate have some dose-dependent side-effects. The the main side-effects of Lithium Citrate is the tendency to inhibit the prostatic acid phosphatase enzyme (PAP), which result in the accumulation of PAP.

3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is a secondary metabolite of lignin-degrading fungi and is commonly used as a non-phenolic substrate to measure ligninolytic activity.Veratryl alcohol protects lignin peroxidase (LiP) from inactivation by H2O2 and prevents accumulation of LiP III compounds[3].

Multifungin (Bromochlorosalicylanilide) is an antifungal agent used in studies of oral candidiasis, reducing fungal populations in stored corn and preventing zearalenone formation and accumulation.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.

AICAR (Acadesine) is an AMPK activator that causes ZMP accumulation, thereby mimicking the stimulatory effect of AMP on both AMPK and AMPKK. It is commonly used in research related to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and tumors.

Liranaftate (Piritetrate) is a thiocarbamate and squalene epoxidase inhibitor with antifungal activity. Liranaftate inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase, an enzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of sterol which is essential for cell membrane integrity. By preventing ergosterol synthesis and causing accumulation of squalene, this agent increases cell membrane permeability, cell leakage and eventually cell lysis.