plasma-cells

KY-05009 is a chemical compound that effectively suppresses TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human lung adenocarcinoma cells, reduces TNIK protein expression and the transcriptional activity of Wnt target genes, and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells, displaying anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, it functions as an ATP-competitive Traf2- and Nck-interacting kinase (TNIK) inhibitor with a Ki of 100 nM.

FR-167356 is a specific inhibitor of a3 isoform vacuolar type H⁺-ATPase with IC50s of 170 nM, 370 nM and 220 nM for osteoclast plasma membranes, renal brush border membranes and macrophage microsomes. FR-167356 reduces bone metastasis of B16-F10 cells.

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is a potential insulinotropic (anti-diabetic) and anti-obesity amino acid that stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic cells, activates insulin receptor substrate-associated phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase activity, and reduces plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol.

Cholesteryl linoleate is the major cholesteryl ester in LDL and atherosclerotic lesions. It is present in LDL as a cholesteryl ester that is oxidized to form cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides using LDL receptor-associated proteins that are transferred to the plasma membranes of macrophages and CHO cells expressing 15-lipoxygenase.

Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate (Glycerol Tripalmitate) is a triacylglycerol found in dietary fats. In hamsters fed a diet enriched with it, Tripalmitin increases body weight, elevates plasma LDL levels, and reduces hepatic LDL receptor mRNA levels. It inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and decreases the viability of INS1 cells dose-dependently. Tripalmitin is used in cosmetic products for skin conditioning and as a thickening agent, and it forms lipid matrices of nanoparticles for drug delivery.

Rupatadine (UR-12592, rupatadine) is a potent and orally available dual antagonist of PAF and histamine H1 receptors with Ki values of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively, which provides relief of allergic symptoms and anti-inflammatory properties, and is used in allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.

1-Docosanol (Behenic alcohol) is a saturated 22-carbon aliphatic alcohol with antiviral activity. 1-Docosanol has a distinct mechanism of action and inhibits fusion between the plasma membrane and the herpes simplex virus envelope, thereby preventing viral entry into cells and subsequent viral activity and replication. 1-Docosanol is used topically in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis episodes and relieves associated pain and may help heal sores faster.

PAT-505 is an orally available, selective and potent inhibitor of autologous epidermal growth factor (IC50 2 nM in Hep3B cells, 9.7 nM in human blood, 62 nM in mouse plasma).

BHPI is a potent ERα inhibitor that blocks nuclear estrogen–ERα-regulated gene expression effectively. It triggers sustained ERα-dependent activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, notably the unfolded protein response (UPR), and consistently inhibits protein synthesis. With an IC50 value targeting ERα, BHPI's mechanism involves the rapid hyperactivation of PLCγ on the plasma membrane in ERα(+) cancer cells, which produces inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3). This, in turn, opens EnR IP3R calcium channels, leading to a rapid depletion of EnR Ca(2+) stores. SIGNIFICANTLY, BHPI alters estrogen-ERα's usual effect of causing mild and transient UPR activation by inducing a severe and prolonged UPR activation, transforming the UPR from a protective to a toxic response.

TC13172 is a potent and covalent inhibitor that specifically targets the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), exhibiting significant selectivity for MLKL over the closely related receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 at a concentration of 10 µM.TC13172 effectively inhibits necroptosis induced by the TSZ combination (TNF-α, a Smac mimetic, and Z-VAD-FMK) in HT-29 cells with a EC50 of 2 nM and, at 100 nM, blocks TSZ-induced oligomerization and plasma membrane translocation of MLKL.

PCSK9-IN-30 (Compound 3f), a PCSK9 inhibitor, effectively targets a cryptic binding groove on PCSK9, thereby preventing PCSK9 from associating with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (IC 50 = 537 nM). This inhibition aids in the restoration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by liver cells and significantly reduces plasma cholesterol levels. Demonstrating good bioavailability in mice, PCSK9-IN-30 holds potential for research within cardiovascular disease contexts.

FL442 is an Androgen Receptor (AR) modulator. This compound exhibits potent inhibitory effects in AR-dependent prostate cancer cells, showing similar suppression efficiency to the traditional antiandrogen drugs Bicalutamide and Enzalutamide. It also maintains antiandrogen activity against the Enzalutamide-resistant AR mutant F876L. The pharmacokinetic properties of FL442 in mice reveal a longer half-life (8 hours), excellent targeting (prostate tissue), and metabolic stability. Additionally, it is effective at inhibiting LNCaP tumor growth at low plasma concentrations (30 ng mL).

Compound 11, a selective PPARδ agonist, demonstrates an EC50 of 20 nM, indicating its high affinity for PPARδ receptors. This compound efficiently reduces levels of nitric oxide (NO), as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via the NF-κB pathway, showcasing its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, Compound 11 exhibits remarkable stability in human liver microsomes and plasma. It significantly ameliorates foot edema induced by Carrageenan, displaying favorable pharmacokinetic properties with a bioavailability of approximately 100%.

Ferroptosis-IN-12 (Cpd-A1) is an inhibitor of ferroptosis. It effectively suppresses ferroptosis in mouse renal tubular epithelial cells (mTECs) treated with Erastin and improves renal function in dose-dependent manners in mouse models of acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia reperfusion (I R) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). This compound also reduces renal tubular damage and eliminates inflammation. Exhibiting good plasma stability and high distribution in renal tissues during pharmacokinetic studies in mice, Ferroptosis-IN-12 shows promising potential for research in the field of AKI.

Pentacosafluorotridecanoic Acid (PFTrDA) is a perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that exhibits various biological impacts across different species. In zebrafish embryos, exposure to PFTrDA induces yolk sac edema and increases mRNA expression of thyroid hormone synthesis genes, including tshβ, at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3 mg L. At a dosage of 10 mg kg, PFTrDA reduces serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels, as well as palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid levels in the testicular interstitial cells of late adolescent rats. In humans, maternal plasma levels of PFTrDA during pregnancy are positively correlated with the development of eczema in female infants (but not male infants), and PFTrDA levels are higher in the livers of cancerous humans compared to non-cancerous ones. Additionally, PFTrDA is found in marine mammals.

Pyrocatechol sulfate, a phenolic metabolite found in human plasma, is associated with the intake of specific foods such as berries and the state of the gut microbiome. It serves as a potential urinary biomarker for kidney function, dialysis clearance rates, whole grain consumption, and regular coffee intake. Additionally, in conjunction with other phenolic sulfates, pyrocatechol sulfate plays a role in regulating various biological functions, including those related to brain health and the rhythmic beating of cardiac cells.

1-Stearoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate sodium, a biologically active phospholipid, plays a crucial role in regulating cell motility, proliferation, invasion, survival, and the production of growth factors through interactions with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Synthesized during the formation of membrane phospholipids, this compound typically has a low plasma concentration (approximately 100nM) and originates from various cell types, including activated platelets, epithelial cells, leukocytes, neuronal cells, and tumor cells. Its distinctive structure features stearic acid at the sn-1 position and a hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position.

E17241 functions as an inducer of ABCA1 gene expression, effectively increasing its expression with an EC50 value of 280 nM. It also acts as an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), inducing PPAR-mediated gene expression in HepG2 cells expressing PPARγ, PPARα, or PPARδ, with respective EC50 values of 290, 3,900, and 879 nM. In RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, E17241 enhances ACBA1 protein levels, although this effect is absent when siRNA targeting PKCζ mRNA is present. Treatment with E17241 (0.4, 2, or 10 µM) increases cholesterol efflux in RAW 264.7 cells. In an atherosclerosis model using ApoE- - mice administered with a dose of 25 mg kg, E17241 reduces levels of plasma cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and liver cholesterol and triglycerides, and also decreases the area of aortic lesions. Additionally, daily administration of E17241 (50 mg kg) lowers blood glucose levels and body weight in KKAy diabetic mice on a high-fat, high-glucose (HFHG) diet.

ABCG2-IN-4 (Compound K31) is an orally active ABCG2 inhibitor that reduces the release of Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) from red blood cells into the plasma and prevents phototoxicity. In mouse models, ABCG2-IN-4 also demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

GSK-3β inhibitor23 (Compound 11726169) is an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), effectively inhibiting GSK-3β and GSK-3α with IC50 values of 12.1 nM and 18.8 nM, respectively. It demonstrates antiviral activity against HIV1 and exhibits good metabolic stability in mouse and human liver microsomes and plasma, although it has poor permeability in Caco-2 cells, indicating potentially low oral bioavailability.

α-Glucosidase-IN-79 (Compound 4d9) is a non-competitive α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.11 μM, demonstrating greater inhibitory potency than the existing α-glucosidase inhibitors Acarbose (IC50 of 327.0 μM) and HXH8r (IC50 of 15.32 μM). It exhibits no cytotoxicity on normal human liver cells (LO2) and shows good metabolic stability in rat plasma. α-Glucosidase-IN-79 holds promise for research in type 2 diabetes.

ER degrader 10 (Compound 51) is an orally active estrogen receptor (ER) selective degrader and antagonist, with a DC50 of 0.43 nM and an IC50 of 0.56 nM. It inhibits the proliferation of ER-positive cells, with an IC50 ranging from 0 to 15 nM. ER degrader 10 exhibits weak inhibitory activity on the hERG channel, with an IC50 greater than 40 μM. It has blood-brain barrier permeability, with a brain plasma ratio (Kp) of 3.05. In mouse models, ER degrader 10 demonstrates antitumor activity.

NU227326 is a PROTAC degrader of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) with a DC50 value of 4.5 nM. It effectively degrades IDO1 in U87 and GBM43 cells, with DC50 values of 7.1 nM and 11.8 nM, respectively. NU227326 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties, with a plasma half-life of 5.7 hours and a brain tissue half-life of 11.8 hours. (Pink: ligand for target protein IDO1 ligand-1; Black: linker; Blue: ligand for E3 ligase Cereblon).

HBV-IN-51 (Compound 17e) is an effective hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly modulator. It demonstrates significant anti-HBV activity with an EC50 value of 0.033 μM in HepAD38 cells. HBV-IN-51 exhibits good metabolic stability in plasma and is rapidly metabolized in human liver microsomes.