current

Ifenprodil is a selective NMDA receptor (glutamate) antagonist.

Ajmaline (Cardiorythmine) is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic compound that is widely used for the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome and the acute treatment of atrial or ventricular tachycardia. Ajmaline inhibits cardiac Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channels at therapeutic concentrations.

Bafilomycin A1 belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics and is a V-ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.44 nM) that is specific and reversible. Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of the late phase of autophagy, blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Bafilomycin A1 also induces apoptosis.

Neomycin sulfate (Framycin sulfate) is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that blocks the synthesis of bacterial proteins in order to exert antimicrobial activity. Neomycin sulfate is commonly used to screen prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for Neo resistance genes.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

Guanfu base A is a potent noncompetitive CYP2D6 inhibitor (Ki: 1.20 μM in HLMs; Ki: 0.37 μM for rCYP2D6). It also inhibits HERG channel current.

Saikosaponin A has a variety of pharmacological benefits, including antiepileptic, anti-osteoporosis, antioxidant, anti-in ammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-bacterial activities. It can effectively attenuate neuropathic pain in CCI rats by inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in spinal cord. It can inhibit NMDA receptor current and persistent sodium current, and inhibit the TNF-α level, the IL-1β production, and cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase)-1 activity.

1. Resibufogenin (Bufogenin) is a cytotoxic steroid isolated from the Chinese drug ChanSu. 2. Resibufogenin can inhibit rectifier potassium current ( I K ) and transient potassium current ( I A ), it has pathological effects on central nervous system. 3. Resibufogenin corrects hypertension in a rat model of human preeclampsia, it not only prevents the advent of hypertension and proteinuria, but also the development of intrauterine growth restriction.4. Resibufogenina's major metabolic pathway in the human liver is CYP3A4 dominantly mediated 5β-hydroxylation .

Lotusine (hydroxide), a pure alkaloid isolated from the green seed embryos of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, influences action potentials in myocardial tissue and the slow inward current in cardiac Purkinje fibers [1].

Lotusine, a pure alkaloid extracted from the Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., affects action potentials in the myocardium and slow inward current in cardiac Purkinje fibers.

Irisolidone is a potent volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) current inhibitor, it exhibits high efficacy for VRAC blockade with IC50s of 5-13 μM.

Aflatrem is a tremorgenic mycotoxin with acute neurotoxic effects, a single low dose of aflatrem is able to induce degeneration of neuronal processes in hippocampal neurotransmitter systems. Aflatrem potentiates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced

Chlorahololide C is a potent and selective potassium channel blocker, it exerts potent and selective inhibition on the delayed rectifier (I(K)) K(+) current with the IC(50) value of 3.6 +/- 10.1 mu M.

The binding affinities of ganoderic acid DM andGanoderic acid ζ (ΔGbind, -16.83 and-10.99 kcal mol-1) are comparable to that of current commercial drug oseltamivir (-23.62 kcal mol-1);Ganoderic acid DM is a potential source of anti-influenza ingredient, with novel binding pattern and advantage over oseltamivir, it has steric hindrance on the 150 cavity of N1 protein, and exerts activities across the H274Y and N294S mutations, is the attractive candidates of novel neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors.Ganoderic acid zeta has cytotoxicity in vitro against Meth-A and LLC cell lines.

Cyclic GMP is an endogenous second messenger that initiates interferon production in response to cytoplasmic DNA. It activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), triggering a signaling cascade that results in the production of type I interferons and other immune mediators. The conjugate of cyclic GMP and AMP, known as Cyclic-GMP-AMP, can induce the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, thereby enhancing antiviral immune responses. Additionally, Cyclic GMP may activate PDE to degrade cAMP, inhibit the myocardial calcium current ICa, and regulate cardiac contractility. The derivative 8-Br-cGMP exhibits antiplatelet activity, and Cyclic GMP is used in research related to antiviral immunity and cardiovascular diseases.