tyrosinase

Tyrosinase (Polyphenol oxidase) is a key rate-limiting enzyme encoded by the TYR gene that controls melanin production and catalyzes tyrosine oxidation. It is mainly found in melanosomes and plays an important role in melanogenesis, plant secondary metabolism, wound healing and immune response.

Tyrosinase-IN-2 (compound 67) is a potent inhibitor of tyrosinase, a copper-containing metalloenzyme crucial for the rate-limiting step in melanin biosynthesis and enzymatic browning processes. This compound shows promise for research into skin whitening agents and food preservatives [1].

Potassium iodide is used as the treatment of overactive thyroid and as protection of the thyroid gland from the influences of radiation from swallowed or inhaled radioactive iodine. It may be used after accidental exposure to radioactive iodine or before and after administration of medicine containing radioactive iodine.

Arbutin (p-Arbutin)(β-Arbutin) is a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos and can inhibit tyrosinase and thus prevent the formation of melanin.

Monobenzone (Benoquin) is a Depigmenting Agent. The mechanism of action of monobenzone is as a Melanin Synthesis Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of monobenzone is by means of Depigmenting Activity.

Taxifolin (Dihydroquercetin) is a flavonoid in many plants such as Taxus chinensis, Siberian larch, Cedrus deodara and so on.

Aloin (Aloin-A)(mixture of A&B), a natural anthracycline from Aloe vera, is a tyrosinase inhibitor.

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-Methoxysalicylaldehyde) is a chemical compound and an isomer of Vanillin. 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde(4-Methoxysalicylaldehyde) could be used to synthesis Urolithin M7. 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor from three East African medicinal plants, Mondia whitei, Rhus vulgaris Meikle, and Sclerocarya caffra Sond.

3',4'-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Qingxintong) is an active constituent of Chinese medicine. It is platelet aggregation Inhibitor and also has anti-arrhythmia activity.

3,4-Dimethoxyphenol (4-Hydroxyveratrole) is an active biochemical.

p-Tolualdehyde is a RIFM flavor that shows inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase.

1. Oxyresveratro can inhibit tyrosinase activity. 2. Oxyresveratro is useful to trauma models, as toxicity to glia could be beneficial by inhibiting reactive gliosis. 3. Oxyresveratrol (trans-Oxyresveratrol) has antioxidant activity, can reduce neuronal oxidative damage and protect hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which may be associated with activation of Nrf2.

2-Ketoglutaric acid Sodium (AKG) is a key molecule in the TCA cycle. It can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor.

Methyl cinnamate, a tyrosinase inhibitor and a flavoring compound, has antimicrobial, antiadipogenic, vasorelaxant, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Kojic acid is a fungal metabolite that inhibits tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin synthesis, with an IC50 value of 30.6 μM for mushroom tyrosinase.

2-Ketoglutaric acid is a reversible inhibitor of tyrosinase (IC50=15 mM). 2-Ketoglutaric acid is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle and can produce either ATP or GTP. 2-Ketoglutaric acid also acts as a major carbon backbone for the nitrogen assimilation reaction.

Glycolic acid, an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppresses melanin formation and is used in skincare products.

DeoxyArbutin(IC50=50 nM) inhibits tyrosinase activity reversibly.

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol (Phloroglucinol dimethyl ether) as a marker of Taxus poisoning, being present in all species of Taxus. It has potent tyrosinase-inhibiting activity.

3-O-Ethyl-L-ascorbic acid is a cosmetic tyrosinase inhibitor with whitening ability and is a stabilized vitamin C derivative. It also has antioxidant properties.

Benzylacetone (4-Phenyl-2-butanone) is an aromatic compound extracted from incense wood. Benzylacetone has appetite-enhancing and exercise-reducing properties. Benzylacetone has a strong and reversible anti-mushroom tyrosinase effect, with IC50 values of 2.8 mM and 0.6 mM for monophenolase and biphenolase effects, respectively.

1. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) possess anti-anxiety, and neuroprotective qualities. 2. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) reatment can induce a sustained activation of JNK, ERK1 2, and p38 MAPKs, it also can potentiate the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of bortezomib in U266 cells. 3. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) has anti-inflammatory activity in activated macrophages, raising the possibility that this compound has a therapeutic potential for inflammatory conditions. 4. 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone (Quinacetophenone) is an uncompetitive inhibitor of murine tyrosinase (K(I) 0.28mm), it strongly inhibits both melanogenesis and cellular tyrosinase activity in vitro in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthin-stimulated B16 mouse melanoma cells or in vivo in zebrafish and mouse models.

D-Tyrosine, the D-isomer of tyrosine, acts as a negative regulator of melanin synthesis by inhibiting tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, D-Tyrosine also inhibits biofilm formation and induces the self-dispersal of biofilms, while not affecting bacterial growth.

hTYR/AbTYR-IN-1 is a dual hTYR/AbTYR inhibitor with inhibitory effects on hTYR and AbTYR, with IC50s of 5.4 μM and 3.52 μM, respectively. hTYR/AbTYR-IN-1 can be used for the study of hyperpigmentation and melanoma in humans.