p1 receptor

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac, and central nervous system stimulant activities. It inhibits the 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP, thus potentiating the actions of agents that act through adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP.

Inosine (NSC-20262), an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by the catabolism of adenosine, is an agonist of adenosine receptors A1R and A2AR. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antinociceptive and neuroprotective effects.

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate (5'-AMP) , also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.

Acefylline (Theophylline-7-acetic acid), a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class, acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. It is combined with diphenhydramine in the pharmaceutical preparation Etanautine to help offset its stimulant effects

Proxyphylline (7-(2-Hydroxypropyl)theophylline) is a dual of adenosine A1/A2a receptor inhibitor and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Proxyphylline acts as a cardiac stimulant, vasodilator and bronchodilator.

Theobromine (3,7-Dimethylxanthine), a xanthine alkaloid, is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator.

Diphylline (Diprophylline) is a xanthine derivative. Diphylline exerts bronchodilator effects and to a lesser extent vasodilator and diuretic properties. Diphylline probably acts as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase which leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP. This results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and other smooth muscles. Diphylline may also antagonize adenosinereceptors. Diphylline is used in the treatment of acute bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Aminophylline (Phyllocontin) is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor giving a bronchodilatory effect.

1. Norisoboldine ((+)-Laurelliptine) might be a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis, and it functions through protecting joint destruction as well as regulating the abnormal immune responses. 2. Norisoboldine inhibits the macrophage activation and the resultant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via down-regulating the activation of MAPKs signaling pathways rather than NF-κB.

Swertisin, a novel herbal biomolecule, shows a strong antihyperglycemic action. Swertisin is an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, is known to have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.