covid-19

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities.

Nicotinamide riboside chloride, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Gedunin is an Hsp90 inhibitor, and inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation.

Deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine B) is an iron chelator. Deferoxamine can be used to reduce the accumulation and deposition of iron in tissues. Deferoxamine can improve neurological dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. It has antioxidant, anti-proliferation and anti-tumor activities, and can induce the production of HIF-1α, apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. It can be used to treat acute iron toxicity and COVID-19 related diseases.

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate (TCDCS) is a top-ranking classifier on the receiver operating characteristic curve for severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients.

(Rac)-Salvianic acid A is the racemic form of Salvianic acid A, an orally active phenolic compound. (Rac)-Salvianic acid A activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway while inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, exhibiting potential for antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-pulmonary inflammatory effects. (Rac)-Salvianic acid A is suitable for research in COVID-19, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases.

Kansuinine B inhibits Stat3 activation induced by IL-6. Kansuinine B exhibits anti-viral activity and could be used in COVID-19 research.

SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro), crucial for the virus's replication and transcription in host cells, with an IC50 value of 72.07 nM. Given its significant role in processing viral polyproteins, M pro is regarded as a key target in drug discovery efforts. Consequently, SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 holds promise for COVID-19 research.

Garcinone B, a xanthone derivative naturally isolated from the pericarp of Mangosteen, serves as a potent inhibitor of ACE2 and Mpro, and is utilized in COVID-19 research [1].

WDB002, a natural product belonging to the FK506/rapamycin family, targets CEP250 and may be employed in COVID-19 research [1].

Antcin B is an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL Pro). It interacts with several crucial amino acid residues of 3CL Pro, including Leu141, Asn142, Glu166, and His163, through hydrogen bonding, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions, thereby inhibiting its activity. This inhibition blocks the cleavage of viral polyproteins and suppresses the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus within host cells. Antcin B shows potential for research in the context of COVID-19.

Ferrocin A is a lipopeptide compound that targets the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12). It binds stably to nsp12 and, by chelating iron, reduces the concentration of free iron in the environment. This action inhibits bacterial growth by preventing the acquisition of essential metal cations. As an iron-chelating antiviral agent, Ferrocin A is applicable for research in COVID-19 and bacterial infections.

3-Oxochenodeoxycholic acid is an endogenous metabolite detectable in feces and may serve as a diagnostic marker for various diseases, including COVID-19.

Danshensu sodium (Dan shen suan A) is a phenolic compound with oral bioactivity that activates Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibits the NF-κB pathway. It reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhances antioxidant defenses, and suppresses intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Additionally, Danshensu sodium exhibits significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with an EC50 of 0.97 μM. It offers antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory benefits for the lungs, presenting potential for research in COVID-19, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases.

Cichoriin is a photosensitive compound, it could be used as herbal photosensitizing agent in treating benign breast tumor in rats.

Euryachin E is an antimicrobial and antiviral agent identified from Eurya chinensis. It shows a MIC of 6.25 μg/mL against B. cereus, a MIC of 0.78 μg/mL against S. aureus, and an IC50 of 6.41 μM against COVID-19. Euryachin E is applicable in research related to infections and inflammation.