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TMPD dihydrochloride is an active substrate of enzymatically convert redox and an electron donor for the reduction of heme peroxidases.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (Kininase II) is a zinc-dependent peptidase and extracellular enzyme that acts as a counterbalance to ACE in the renin-angiotensin system.Angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent vasoconstrictor used in the study of cardiovascular and immune diseases. Angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent vasoconstrictor used to study cardiovascular and immune diseases.

2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid (Formylformic acid) is an intermediate in the glyoxalate cycle, which enables certain organisms to convert fatty acids to carbohydrates.2,2-Dihydroxyacetic acid has been found to be associated with primary hyperoxaluria, an inborn error of metabolism. As an aldehyde, glyoxalate is also highly active and can modify proteins to form advanced glycosylation products (AGEs).

(S)-2-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (L-(−)-3-Phenyllactic acid) is a chiral aromatic compound involved in phenylalanine metabolism. It is likely produced from phenylpyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase. The D-form is derived from bacterial sources, while the L-form is endogenous. Phenyllactate levels are normally very low in blood or urine, but high levels indicate phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). PKU is due to a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), causing phenylalanine to convert to phenylpyruvic acid rather than tyrosine.

3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenylacetic acid is a common intermediate in organic synthesis, and its main use is to convert its carboxyl groups to corresponding applications.

Epoxide hydrolase, an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the reaction of epoxides with water to convert epoxy groups into diols, plays a crucial role in the metabolism of environmental pollutants and lipids. It is instrumental in detoxification, inflammatory responses, and regulating the health of the cardiovascular system. Additionally, Epoxide hydrolase is used in asymmetric catalytic reactions, such as the asymmetric ring-opening of epoxides, which are important for the synthesis of chiral pharmaceutical molecules.

5-Fluoroorotic acid (monohydrate) (5-Fluorouracil-6-carboxylic acid Mono(hydrate); 5-FOA) is employed to detect the expression of the URA3 gene in yeast molecular genetic constructs. Yeast possessing an active URA3 gene (which encodes orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase) convert 5-FOA into 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, a substance toxic to cells. Yeast strains with mutations in the URA3 gene that confer resistance can grow in the presence of 5-FOA if uracil is added to the medium.

Pentizidone is a precursor compound that undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to convert into D-cycloserine.

MMAU (β-D-Glucuronylmonomethylauristatin E) is a payload that is relatively stable in its unbound free state. Lysosomal enzymes convert it to a deglycosylated state, which activates the cytotoxicity of the payload.

DBHDA is a reagent to convert a Cys into a Dha moiety by reacting with a C-terminal Cys residue and thus allowing the use of recombinant Ubl G76C mutants to prepare probes.

Dibutyl 3-hydroxybutyl phosphate is a compound produced from the metabolism of the organophosphorus solvent, tributyl phosphate (TBP). Incubation of goldfish liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH has been shown to convert TBP into dibutyl-3-hydroxybutyl phosphate and dibutyl phosphate. Dibutyl-3-hydroxybutyl phosphate has also been produced during radiolysis of TBP.

Epoxide hydrolases convert the EETs into vicinal diols, with the concurrent loss of much of their biological activity. The 8(S),9(R)-EET isomer is metabolized by platelet COX to form 8(S),9(R),11(R)-THETA, a trihydroxy fatty acid which may act as a renal vasoconstrictor.

Latanoprost ethyl amide (Lat-NEt) is a latanoprost analog in which the C-1 carboxyl group has been modified to an N-ethyl amide. Prostaglandin esters exhibit ocular hypotensive activity, and prostaglandin N-ethyl amides have recently been introduced as alternative ocular hypotensive prodrugs. Although it has been claimed that prostaglandin ethyl amides are not converted to free acids in vivo, studies in our laboratories show that bovine and human corneal tissue can convert the N-ethyl amides of various prostaglandins to free acids at a rate of about 2.5 μg g corneal tissue hr. Lat-NEt is expected to exhibit the typical intraocular effects of latanoprost free acid, but with much slower hydrolysis pharmacokinetics characteristic of prostaglandin N-amides.

Mild oxidation can convert the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues on proteins to cysteine-sulfenic acid derivatives (Cys-SOH). Protein sulfenylation, then, is a post-translational modification that is relevant to redox signaling. DYn-2 is a chemoselective probe for detecting sulfenylated proteins in intact cells. DYn-2 consists of 1,3-cyclohexanedione coupled to an alkyne moiety by a 3-carbon spacer. The cyclohexanedione group selectively reacts with protein sulfenic acid modifications. The alkyne group of DYn-2 can then be detected using azide-bearing tags by standard click chemistry. This approach offers superior sensitivity relative to using azide-modified probes with alkynyl detection tags.

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

Lonaprisan is an orally bioavailable pentafluoroethyl derivative of a mifepristone-related steroid with antiprogestagenic activity. Lonaprisan is a pure, highly receptor-selective progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist; binding of this agent to PRs inhibits PR activation and the associated proliferative effects. Unlike many other antiprogestins such as mifepristone, this agent does not appear to convert to an agonist in the presence of protein kinase A (PKA) activators and shows high antiprogestagenic activity on both progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms PR-A and PR-B.

ent-Abacavir is an enatiomer of Abacavir. Abacavir is a carbocyclic 2'-deoxyguanosine nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an anti-HIV drug used to treat HIV infection. Intracellular enzymes convert Abacavir to its active form, carbovir-triphosphate (CBV-TP), which then selectively inhibits HIV reverse transcriptase by incorporating into viral DNA. Abacavir is metabolized in the liver by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase and alcohol dehydrogenase resulting in inactive glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites, respectively.

Cystathionine β-lyase is a pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that cleaves the Cβ-Sγ bond of cystathionine to convert L-cysteine into L-homocysteine. Cystathionine β-lyase is involved in the de novo synthesis of methionine in microorganisms and plants and plays an important role in bacterial virulence.

S-(p-Nitrobenzyl)glutathione acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutathionase. Rat kidney microsomes convert this compound into associated cysteine derivatives. It serves as a research tool in investigating the catabolism of glutathione by the glutathionase system [1] [2].

AS2863619 is an oral inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) and CDK19. Inhibition of CDK8 19 can enhance the activation of STAT5, thereby activating the Foxp3 gene. It can convert antigen-specific effector memory T cells into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to study various immune diseases.

Phytyl Acetate(cis-and trans-mixture) is a compound found in chlorophyll that is involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. It acts in plants to capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. It has antioxidant properties and protects plants from oxidative damage.

17-Phenyl trinor Prostaglandin F2αdiethyl amide (17-phenyl trinor PGF2αdiethyl amide) is a Prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) analog characterized by the substitution of the C-1 carboxyl group with an N-diethyl amide. Prostaglandin (PG) esters and N-ethyl amides have demonstrated ocular hypotensive properties, with N-ethyl amides introduced as alternative options for PG hypotensive prodrugs. Studies indicate that both bovine and human corneal tissues can convert N-ethyl amides of various PGs into their free acid forms at a rate of approximately 2.5 µg/g corneal tissue/hr. However, dialkyl amides like 17-phenyl trinor PGF2αdiethyl amide resist conversion by corneal amidase, showing no detectable transformation into free acids. This characteristic suggests their potential as valuable investigative tools for assessing the intrinsic intraocular hypotensive activities of PG amides.

AP14145 functions as an inhibitor of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel), specifically blocking the KCa2.2 channel (KCa2.2 channel) and KCa2.3 channel (KCa2.3 channel) with an IC50 of 1.1 μM for both. It prolongs the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) in rats and has been shown to convert atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm in a porcine model of left ventricular dysfunction, demonstrating antiarrhythmic properties.

Apo-Bovine Transferrin is an iron-free transferrin (HY-P3267) that acts as a ligand for the transferrin receptor, facilitating iron release in endothelial cells. It can bind directly to hephaestin and convert Fe2+ to Fe3+. Apo-Bovine Transferrin likely works alongside ferroportin 1 to mediate iron efflux and is applicable in neuroretina research.