cell wall

Vancomycin hydrochloride (Vancomycin HCl) is a glycopeptide antibiotic that targets Peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall synthesis. Vancomycin hydrochloride is mainly used for the treatment of severe Gram-positive bacterial infections.

Carbenicillin disodium (BRL-2064) is a broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic penicillin antibiotic with bactericidal and beta-lactamase resistant activity.

Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (NSC-185) is a disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

Colistin sulfate (Colistin sulfate (1066-17-7 free base)) is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus, composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2.

Cefoxitin (Rephoxitin) is a broad-spectrum, orally available second-generation cephalosporins antibiotic. Cefoxitin interferes with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Its activity profile includes Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and is commonly used in abdominal cavity infections, pelvic infections, and certain types of gynecological infections, and is highly effective against anaerobic bacteria.

Colistin methanesulfonate sodium salt (Colistimethate Sodium) is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus, composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2.

Amoxicillin (Amoxycillin) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Amoxicillin Anhydrous is the anhydrous form of a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

Amoxicillin trihydrate (Moxaline trihydrate) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1A located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Amoxicillin trihydrate is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

Amoxicillin Sodium (Clavulanate) is a moderate- spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic.

Pyrimorph is a fungicide with high activity against the plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Pyrimorph inhibited different stages in the life cycle of P. capsici including mycelial growth, sporangium production, zoospore release, and cystospore germination with EC(50) values of 1.84, 0.17, 4.92, and 0.09 microg mL(-1), respectively.

Isoxaben (EL 107) is a specific inhibitor of cell wall biosynthesis, often used as a herbicide, that inhibits the incorporation of radiolabeled glucose into acid-insoluble cell wall fractions.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5, are essential components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Composed of lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O-specific polysaccharide, LPS exhibits strong immunogenicity. It activates immune cells via the TLR4 receptor, induces chemotactic cell migration and cytokine secretion, and helps maintain the integrity of the bacterial outer membrane, protecting against bile salts and lipid-based antibiotics. LPS is commonly used to establish inflammatory models, including arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and gastrointestinal disease models.

UDP-glucuronic acid trisodium (UDP-glucuronic acid trisodium) is an indispensable precursor for vital glycoconjugates in various biological domains. These glycoconjugates encompass mammalian glycosaminoglycans, plant cell wall polysaccharides, and bacterial capsule glycoglycerolipids.

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting the second stage of cell wall synthesis in susceptible bacteria. It also alters cell membrane permeability and selectively inhibits RNA synthesis. Vancomycin is commonly used to treat severe infections resistant to other antibiotics and is frequently employed in experimental studies to induce kidney injury models.

AU1235 is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitor.

Muramic acid HCl is part of the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of many Gram-positive bacteria.

D75-4590 is a β-1,6-Glucan inhibitor. As glucan is a major component of the cell wall, specifically β-1,6-Glucan, D75-4590 can fight fungal infections by inhibiting its synthetase.

APX2039 is an orally active fungal Gwt1 enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug of the novel Gwt2096 inhibitor APX1.APX2039 exhibits potent anti-Kryptococcal activity against C. neoformans and C. gattii.APX2039 exhibits potent antifungal activity and blocks the localization of GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchored cell wall mannoproteins. APX2039 has potent antifungal activity and blocks the localization of GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol)-anchored cell wall mannoproteins.APX2039 can be used to study cryptococcal meningitis (CM).

4-Methylcinnamic acid is a cinnamic acid analog that can be used as an intervention catalyst to overcome antifungal tolerance. 4-Methylcinnamic acid can improve the potency of cell wall-disrupting agents.

Tioconazole (Vagistat) is a synthetic imidazole derivative, inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell membrane, altering its permeability, and promoting loss of essential intracellular elements.

Ethambutol dihydrochloride is an anti-mycobacterial compound that inhibits arabinosyl transferase activity to prevent cell wall formation and can be used to induce hyperuricemia models.

Cefixime (FR-17027) is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic derived semisynthetically from the marine fungus Cephalosporium acremonium with antibacterial activity. As does penicillin, the beta-lactam antibiotic cefixime inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by disrupting peptidoglycan synthesis, resulting in a reduction in bacterial cell wall stability and bacterial cell lysis. Stable in the presence of a variety of beta-lactamases, this agent is more active against gram-negative bacteria and less active against gram-positive bacteria compared to second-generation cephalosporins.

Cefazolin sodium (cephazolin sodium) salt binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cefazolin sodium salt is the sodium salt of cefazolin, a beta-lactam antibiotic and first-generation cephalosporin with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, which results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis.

Cephalexin (Cephacillin) is a cephalosporin antibiotic.