endoplasmic

Endoplasmic reticulum dye 1 is a highly effective live cell imaging agent used to detect exocytotic events at the plasma membrane. The compound exhibits minimal cytotoxicity and is resistant to photobleaching, making it ideal for visualizing short- and long-term processes.

The PNT sensor PS3 is an innovative fluorescent peroxynitrite (PNT) sensor characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity. It primarily accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell membrane, where it produces fluorescent products through oxidative cleavage by PNT.

Flubi-2 is a fluorescein-biotin-based pH ratio dye (Ex=480 nm, Em=520-560 nm) with a pKa of 6.7. It is the hydrolysis product of Flubida-2 (non-fluorescent with membrane permeability). Flubi-2 is applicable for measuring pH in organelles of the secretory pathway in live cells, such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.

ER-PhotoFlipper 32 is an endoplasmic reticulum probe utilized for selectively labeling the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane with Flipper-TR 5. The endoplasmic reticulum probe covalently attaches the PhotoFlipper to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. ER-PhotoFlipper 32 is effective for detecting plasma membrane asymmetry.

ER Thermo Yellow is a high-sensitivity (3.9%/°C) fluorescent probe designed for temperature visualization specifically targeting the endoplasmic reticulum.

DAyne is a probe that mimics dopamine (DA). It covalently binds to proteins modified by dopamine oxidation products, such as dopaminoquinone (DQ), forming adducts. DAyne holds potential for Parkinson's disease (PD) research, particularly regarding neurotoxicity, protein modification, and related pathways (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum stress, cytoskeletal instability) caused by dopamine dysregulation.

ER-Tracker Red (solution) dye is a derivative of BODIPY dyes conjugated to Glibenclamide, exhibiting high selectivity for binding to the endoplasmic reticulum without toxicity to cells at low concentrations. This environmentally sensitive probe retains some fluorescence even after formaldehyde treatment and is characterized by high fluorescence lifetime and good extinction coefficients. Glibenclamide acts as an ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker (Kir6, KATP) and CFTR Cl- channel blocker, binding within the endoplasmic reticulum. Note that ER-Tracker is not suitable for staining fixed cells. Ex/Em=587/615 nm.

ER-Laurdan is a derivative of Laurdan, functioning as a fluorescent probe. It contains a pentafluorophenyl (PFP??) group and a PEG10 linker; the PFP group can react with thiols in unfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum, while the linker offers flexibility for the probe to integrate into membranes. ER-Laurdan is useful for endoplasmic reticulum studies.

ER-Tracker dye is a derivative of BODIPY conjugated with Glibenclamide, displaying high selectivity for the endoplasmic reticulum. At low concentrations, it remains non-toxic to cells and serves as an environmentally sensitive probe that retains some fluorescence after formaldehyde treatment. It is characterized by its high fluorescence lifetime and strong extinction coefficient. Glibenclamide acts as an ATP-dependent K+ channel blocker (Kir6, KATP) and a CFTR Cl- channel blocker, binding within the endoplasmic reticulum. ER-Tracker is not suitable for staining fixed cells. Ex/Em = 587/615 nm.

FerroOrange is a fluorescent probe designed to detect labile ferrous ions, localizing specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum. Upon interaction with ferrous ions, it irreversibly emits an orange fluorescence. The excitation/emission wavelengths are 542/572 nm.

Rhod-5N is a low affinity fluorescent calcium probe (Kd = 320 μM). Low affinity calcium indicators are particularly useful for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as endoplasmic reticulum, where high affinity dyes will be insensitive to luminal fluctuations. Rhod-5N has excitation/emission maxima of approximately 551 and 576 nm, respectively

Rhod-5N AM is a cell-permeant acetoxymethyl ester of the fluorescent calcium indicator rhod-5N . As rhod-5N AM enters cells, it is hydrolyzed by intracellular esterases to produce rhod-5N. Rhod-5N displays a low affinity for calcium (Kd = 19 μM). Low affinity calcium indicators are particularly useful for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as endoplasmic reticulum, where high affinity dyes will be insensitive to luminal fluctuations. Rhod-5N has excitation/emission maxima of approximately 551 and 576 nm, respectively.

Rhod-FF is a difluorinated analog of the cell-impermeant calcium indicator rhod-2. It has a very low affinity for calcium (Kd = 320 μM). Low affinity calcium indicators are particularly useful for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as endoplasmic reticulum, where high affinity dyes will be insensitive to luminal fluctuations. Rhod-FF has excitation/emission maxima of approximately 552 and 580 nm, respectively.

Fluo-3FF is a fluorescent calcium indicator. It is a di-fluorinated analog of Fluo-3 that displays about a 100-fold lower affinity than Fluo-3 for calcium (Kds = 42 and 0.4 μM, respectively). Low affinity calcium indicators are particularly useful for studying compartments with high concentrations of calcium, such as endoplasmic reticulum, where high affinity dyes will be insensitive to luminal fluctuations. Fluo-3FF has excitation/emission maxima of approximately 506 and 526 nm, respectively.

Rhod-FF AM is a cell-permeable fluorescent calcium indicator hydrolysed by intracellular esterases to form rhod-FF, with emission/excitation wavelengths of 552/580 nm. Exhibiting low affinity for Ca²⁺, Rhod-FF AM enables detection of elevated calcium concentrations within the 10–200 μM range.

BODIPY FL Thapsigargin, a potent green fluorescent dye, effectively inhibits intracellular SERCA-type Ca 2+ pumps localized in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum. It is utilized to investigate thapsigargin binding sites in live cells [1] [2]. For storage, it is crucial to protect this compound from light.

ER Flipper-TR 28, a small molecule fluorophore flipper probe, enables imaging of membrane tension within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This compound is characterized by a pentafluorophenyl group and reacts with protein thiolate on the cytoplasm-facing surface of the ER [1].

ER-Tracker dye, a derivative of BODIPY series dyes coupled with Glibenclamide, exhibits high selectivity for the endoplasmic reticulum and is non-toxic to cells at low concentrations. This environmentally sensitive probe retains part of its fluorescence after formaldehyde treatment and features high fluorescence life and a good extinction coefficient. Glibenclamide, an ATP-dependent K+ channel blocker (Kir6, KATP) and CFTR Cl-channel blocker, binds in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, ER-Tracker is not suitable for staining cells after fixation [1].

Mag-Fluo-4 AM is a Mg 2+ (magnesium ion) dye and a low-affinity Ca 2+ (calcium ion) dye and fluorescent indicator with Kd of 4.7 mM and 22 µM, respectively, that localizes Ca 2+ in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum-like tubules in many cell types, and is commonly used in live cell assays.

BODIPY Fl C5-Ceramide is a Golgi-specific green fluorescent dye used to visualize individual cells, with excitation/emission wavelengths at 505 nm/512 nm. The Golgi fluorescent probe, a BODIPY-labeled ceramide derivative, is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the Golgi via ceramide transport protein (CERT) or vesicular translocation, enabling specific labeling of the dye [1][2].

BODIPY FL-C16 is a fluorescent probe combining the BODIPY FL dye with a hexadecyl fatty acid chain, suitable for studying cellular uptake and lipid metabolism. It serves as a synthetic precursor for various fluorescent phospholipids. In human intestinal Caco-2 cells, BODIPY FL-C16 extensively colocalises with mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus, and L-FABP. BODIPY FL is a green fluorescent dye with excitation/emission wavelengths of 505/515 nm.