coenzyme a

Coenzyme A is an obligatory cofactor in all living cells synthesized from pantothenate (Vitamin B5), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and cysteine.

Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A sodium hydrate is a precursor of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, which is closely related to the body's energy metabolism.

Succinyl-Coenzyme A sodium salt(Succinyl-CoA sodium salt) participates in the citric acid cycle, where it is converted to succinic acid.Succinyl-Coenzyme A (sodium salt) is involved in a variety of metabolic reactions in living organisms, and plays an important role in the body.Succinyl-Coenzyme A (sodium salt) is involved in heme synthesis. Succinyl-Coenzyme A (sodium salt) is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin and is used in the study of metabolic, neurological, and hematological disorders caused by nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency, which results in a deficiency in Succinyl-Coenzyme A synthesis.

Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium (Acetyl-CoA trisodium) is an important compound in glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism and is involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Malonyl Coenzyme A lithium (Malonyl CoA lithium) is an important precursor for the production of a variety of chemicals that modulate insulin-stimulated glucose transport in myotubes.

Hexanoyl coenzyme A trilithium is a compound widely found in plants and animals, which is involved in various metabolisms of living organisms and can be used to study diseases caused by metabolic abnormalities.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I II (IC50=0.8 2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Uracil is a common naturally occurring pyrimidine found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and is replaced by thymine in DNA. Methylation of uracil produces thymine. Uracil's use in the body is to help carry out the synthesis of many enzymes necessary for cell function through bonding with riboses and phosphates. Uracil serves as allosteric regulator and coenzyme for many important biochemical reactions.

α-Lipoic Acid (DL-α-Lipoic acid) an octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.

Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is the hydrochloride salt form of thiamine, a vitamin essential for aerobic metabolism, cell growth, transmission of nerve impulses and acetylcholine synthesis. Upon hydrolysis, Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is phosphorylated by thiamine diphosphokinase to form active thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), also known as cocarboxylase. TPP is a coenzyme for many enzymatic activities involving fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Niacinamide is an important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutr

Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) is the 4-methanol form of vitaminB6 which is converted to pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.

D-Panthenol (D-Pantothenyl alcohol) is an alcoholic analogue of D-pantothenic acid and cholinergic agent. D-Panthenol acts as a precursor of coenzyme A necessary for acetylation reactions and is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Although the exact mechanism of the actions of D-Panthenol is unclear, it may enhance the effect of acetylcholine. D-Panthenol acts on the gastrointestinal tract and increases lower intestinal motility. It is also applied topically to the skin to relieve itching and to promote healing.

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring compound, acting as the electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.

ATP disodium salt hydrate (Adenosine disodium triphosphate) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the molecular unit of currency of intracellular energy transfer.

L-Cysteine (L-(+)-Cysteine) is a non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid in humans. L-Cysteine is important for protein synthesis, detoxification, and diverse metabolic functions. Found in beta-keratin, the main protein in nails, skin, and hair, L-Cysteine is important in collagen production, as well as skin elasticity and texture. Also required in the manufacture of amino acid taurine, L-Cysteine is a component of the antioxidant glutathione, and plays a role in the metabolism of essential biochemicals such as coenzyme A, heparin, and biotin.

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6 phosphate) is the active form of vitamin B6 and a coenzyme for many pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. PLP is involved in numerous enzymatic transamination, decarboxylation and deamination reactions; it is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and amino acid metabolites, and for the synthesis and or catabolism of certain neurotransmitters, including the conversion of glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and levodopa into dopamine. PLP can be used as a dietary supplement in cases of vitamin B6 deficiency. Reduced levels of PLP in the brain can cause neurological dysfunction.

β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a natural nucleotide and a key intermediate in the synthesis of coenzyme I (NAD+). β-nicotinamide mononucleotide is involved in a number of biochemical reactions in the human body, which are related to immunity and metabolism.

Methylglutaric acid is a leucine metabolite. A large amount of methylglutaric acid is identified in urine of patients with deficiency of 3-methylglutaconyl coenzyme A hydratase (PMID 6181239 ). Methylglutaric acid is also found to be associated with 3-hyd

Increased levels of erucic acid (22:1n9) have been found in the red blood cell membranes of autistic subjects with developmental regression (PMID: 16581239 ). Erucic acid (13(Z)-Docosenoic Acid) is broken down long-chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase, which is produced in the liver. This enzyme breaks this long chain fatty acid into shorter-chain fatty acids. human infants have relatively low amounts of this enzyme and because of this, babies should not be given foods high in erucic acid. Erucic acid is found to be associated with isovaleric acidemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism.

Thiamine pyrophosphate (Cocarboxylase) is a vitamin B-1 derivative that acts as a coenzyme of transketolase. Thiamine pyrophosphate is used in studies to assess decarboxylation mechanisms in biological systems.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid, synthesized in neurons from the amino acid aspartic acid and acetyl coenzyme A. N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid has antioxidant activity.