SARS-CoV

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analog, a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that exerts its activity by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viruses. Remdesivir is active against Ebola, SARS, and MERS viruses, and is potentially therapeutic against COVID-19.

Molnupiravir (MK-4482) (EIDD-2801) is a prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931 which is orally bioavailable. Molnupiravir can be used in COVID-19, seasonal and pandemic influenza research that has broad spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses and influenza virus, for example, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV [1][2].

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and an IL receptor modulator. Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy. Dexamethasone inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.

PF-07321332 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease (3CLPRO) .

Favipiravir (T-705) (T-705), an effective and selective RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, are applied to treat influenza virus infections.

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Emodin (Frangula emodin) is a naturally occurring anthraquinone present in the roots and barks of numerous plants; exerts antiproliferative effects in Y cells that are regulated by different signaling pathways.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

Hydroxychloroquine (2-[[4-[(7-Chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentyl](ethyl)amino]ethanol) (HCQ) is an alkalinizing lysosomatropic drug that acts by inducing apoptosis of renal cancer cells in vitro and inhibiting TLR7/9. It is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria, and it's also being studied as an experimental treatment for COVID-19.

EIDD-1931 (Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine) is a ribonucleoside analog with antiviral activity.It inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in Vero 76 cells, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Calu-3 2B4 cells, and SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (IC50s =0.1, 0.15 and 0.3 μM, respectively)

Ritonavir (ABT 538) is a peptidomimetic agent that inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. Ritonavir is highly inhibited by serum proteins but boosts the effect of other HIV proteases by blocking their degradation by cytochrome P450.

PLpro/RBD-IN-1 is a dual inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro and the spiny protein RBD, with anti-novel coronavirus activity, and is seen for the study of viral infections.

Setrobuvir (ANA-598) is an orally active non-nucleoside HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor with inhibitory effects on de novo RNA synthesis and primer extension with IC50s between 4 and 5 nM. setrobuvir shows good binding affinity for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and induces inhibition of RdRp.

Pinokalant (LOE-908) is a novel non-selective cation channel inhibitor.Pinokalant significantly reduces cortical infarct volume in in vivo experiments, improves the metabolic and electrophysiological status of the ischemic penumbra region, and reduces the size of the lesion on magnetic resonance images in the acute phase after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.Pinokalant is a potential SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor for the study of stroke.

Azelastine (Azelastinum) is a phthalazine derivative, and is an histamine antagonist and mast cell stabilizer.

SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-IN-2 is a selective SARS-CoV-2M pro inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.40 μM.SARS-CoV-2 Mpro-IN-2 has good antiviral activity and can be used to study COVID-19.

Sonedenoson (MRE0094) is an adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist and potential inhibitor potentially targeting SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus 2;-O-ribose methyltransferase, and may be used in the study of diabetic foot ulcers.

SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro-IN-16 is a covalent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitor that inhibits 3CLpro activity and achieves its inhibitory effect by forming a covalent bond with Cys145.

Ensitrelvir (S-217622) is an orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease with IC50 of 13 nM.

Theodrenaline hydrochloride is an inhibitor targeting SARS-CoV-2 for the study of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia.

GRL-0496 is a potent inhibitor with an enzyme inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV 3CLpro with an IC50 of 30 nM and antiviral potency with an EC50 value of 6.9 μM.

SARS-CoV-2-IN-38 is an orally available SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor with potential antiviral activity for the study of SARS viral infections.

Imiquimod (R 837) is an immune response modifier that acts as a toll-like receptor 7 agonist.

Lopinavir (ABT-378) is a peptidomimetic HIV protease inhibitor that retains activity against HIV protease with the Val 82 mutation. Lopinavir is less affected by binding to serum proteins than the structurally-related drug ritonavir.

EIDD-2801 (Molnupiravir) is an isopropylester prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog N 4-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931) that has shown broad influenza virus and multiple coronaviruses activity.

Aloxistatin (E64d) is an inhibitor of cysteine protease with blood platelet aggregation inhibiting activity. Aloxistatin is an irreversible, membrane-permeable inhibitor of lysosomal and cytosolic cysteine proteases with the ability to inhibit calpain activity in intact platelets.

Azelastine hydrochloride (Astelin) is a phthalazinone derivative with antihistaminergic activity.

Carmofur (HCFU) is a highly potent acid ceramidase inhibitor, used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer. Carmofur has been known to induce leukoencephalopathy.

Punicalagin is a major ellagitannin found in pomegranates that is reported to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated accumulation of cardiac triglyceride and ch

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Camostat mesylate (FOY-S980) is a trypsin-like protease inhibitor and inhibits airway epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function.

Scutellarein (6-Hydroxyapigenin) reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting Src kinase activity.

GC376 is an inhibitor of 3C-like proteases (3CLpro) with IC50 values range from 0.49~4.35 μM.

Boceprevir (SCH 503034) is a novel, potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable HCV NS3 protease inhibitor with Ki of 14 nM in both enzyme assay and EC90 of 350 nM in cell-based replicon assay.

Simeprevir (TMC435) is a potent HCV NS3 4A protease inhibitor, and inhibits HCV replication with EC50 of 8 nM.

Imatinib (STI571) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of BCR ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR, and c-kit with oral activity. Imatinib has antitumor activity for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia.

GS-441524 treatment of cats with naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis.

Auranofin (SKF-39162) is an antirheumatic agent, is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, improves arthritis symptoms including painful or tender and swollen joints and morning stiffness.

GRL0617 is a selective and competitive SARS-CoVPLpro and deubiquitinase noncovalent inhibitor(IC50 : 0.6 μM, Ki : 0.49 μM).

Nafamostat mesylate (FUT-175), a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, has been used for the treatment of allergic disorders such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis.

Atazanavir (BMS-232632)(BMS-232632) is an highly effective HIV-1 protease inhibitor.

6-Thioguanine (2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.

Suramin Sodium Salt (BAY-205) is a sodium salt form of suramin, a polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.

Dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) is a natural compound extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge used for treating of cardiovascular diseases.

Andrographolide (Andrographis)(Andrographis), an irreversible antagonist of NF-κB, has anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activities and potential antineoplastic.

Gimsilumab (MORAb-022) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the study of COVID-19-induced inflammation and hypoxemia.

MAT-POS-e194df51-1 is an orally active, non-covalent, non-peptide inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M^pro) with an IC_50 of 37nM. It exhibits cytotoxicity, with EC_50 values of 64nM in A549-ACE2-TMPRSS2 cells and 126nM in HeLa-ACE2 cells [1].

GRL-1720 TFA is a potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor, demonstrating anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with an EC50 of 15 μM [1].