lysosomal

Lysosomal α-Glucosidase (EC:3.2.1.20) is a gamma-amylase specifically acting on glycogen as well as various natural and synthetic oligosaccharides.

Lysosomal α-mannosidase (EC:3.2.1.24; MAN2B1; LAMAN) is an exoglycosidase that hydrolyzes the α-mannosidic linkages in mannose-containing glycans. It is utilized in research related to α-mannosidosis.

1-Dodecylimidazole (N-Dodecylimidazole) is a chemical compound that acts as a cytotoxic agent and lysosomotropic detergent, inducing cell death through acid-dependent lysosomal accumulation, disrupting the lysosomal membrane, and releasing cysteine proteases into the cytoplasm. It also exhibits hypocholesterolemic and broad-spectrum antifungal activities.

Ammonium chloride is a compound commonly used in molecular biology research. As a dipolar compound that regulates pH, it can induce intracellular alkalinization and metabolic acidosis, thereby affecting enzyme activity and biological processes. Additionally, ammonium chloride acts as an inhibitor of autophagy and lysosomal function, and can be used to establish kidney stone models.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N,N',N''-triacetylchitotrioside is a fluorogenic substrate for chitinases and chitotriosidases. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N,N',N''-triacetylchitotrioside is cleaved by chitinases and chitotriosidases to release the fluorescent moiety 4-methylumbelliferyl (4-MU). 4-MU fluorescence is pH-dependent with excitation maxima of 320 and 360 nm at low (1.97-6.72) and high (7.12-10.3) pH, respectively, and an emission maximum ranging from 445 to 455 nM, increasing as pH decreases. It has been used to screen plasma samples for reduced chitotriosidase activity that may be indicative of lysosomal storage disorders.

Ganglioside GM2 asialo (asialo- GM2) is a glycosphingolipid containing three monosaccharide residues and a fatty acid of variable chain length but lacking the sialic acid residue present on ganglioside M2. Asialo-GM2 levels are low-to-undetectable in normal human brain, but it accumulates in the brain of patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease, which are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by deficiency of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase A and B, respectively. It also binds to various bacteria, including Pseudomonas isolates derived from cystic fibrosis patients. Asialo-GM2 mixture contains ganglioside GM2 asialo molecular species with fatty acyl chains of variable lengths.

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-Galactopyranoside is a β-D-galactopyranoside derivative that is a substrate for β-galactosidase and can be used to measure β-galactosidase activity, which can be used in the study of lysosomal storage diseases, obesity, and mucopolysaccharides storage diseases.

Cathepsin B is a cysteine protease located within the subcellular endosomes and lysosomal compartments that mediates apoptosis and can be used in cancer research.

Myeloperoxidase, Human Neutrophil, is a peroxidase enzyme that acts as a potent antimicrobial agent by catalyzing the oxidation of chloride ions dependent on H2O2, producing hypochlorous acid. It also facilitates the degradation of N-retinylidene-N-retinyl-ethanolamine [a toxic form of retinal lipofuscin], and induces lysosomal stress and cell death. This enzyme is useful for research in inflammation and infection.

α1-3,4 Fucosidase, Sweet almond, is an enzyme that breaks down fucose. Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of α-L-fucosidase, leading to the accumulation of fucose in tissues.

Carboxypeptidase G, derived from Pseudomonas sp. (EC 3.4.17.11), is a lysosomal thiol-dependent protease that systematically cleaves γ-glutamylpteroyl-poly-γ-glutamate, resulting in the production of pteroyl-α-glutamate (folic acid) and free glutamate. This enzyme is highly specific for the γ-glutamyl bond but exhibits no specificity towards the C-terminal amino acid of the leaving group. Zn2+ ions can activate Carboxypeptidase G.

2′-Hydroxy-5′-nitrohexadecanamide is an inhibitor of lysosomal hydrolase and a lipid containing pentadecanoic acid and a terminal nitrophenol group. It induces intracellular lipid accumulation by inhibiting the activity of lysosomal hydrolases. Additionally, 2′-Hydroxy-5′-nitrohexadecanamide can be used for synthesizing chromogenic substrates to assay sphingomyelinase activity.

Alpha-Galactosidase A is a lysosomal exoglycosidase that hydrolyzes the terminal α-galactose residues of glycoconjugates.

Galactosylceramidase plays a role in the lysosomal catabolism of galactosylceramide. It can be utilized in research related to Krabbe disease.

Arylsulfatase G is a lysosomal sulfatase enzyme. It shares a high degree of sequence similarity with all sulfatases, particularly with arylsulfatases. Arylsulfatase G is utilized in metabolic research.