ROS production

B355252 protects against cell death caused by glutamate-evoked oxidative stress. B355252 shows neuroprotective effect, potentiating nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth.

BCI hydrochloride ((E)-BCI hydrochloride) is a selective dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) inhibitor that inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and attenuates oophorectomy-induced bone loss.BCI hydrochloride has anti-inflammatory activity, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and partially reverses AE-induced bone loss. BCI hydrochloride has anti-inflammatory activity and can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, partially reverse AE-induced cytotoxicity, and increase ERK activity, which can be used to study inflammatory diseases.

Tenivastatin (Simvastatin acid) is an anti-hyperlipidemic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can be used in the study of primary hyperlipidemia.

Merodantoin is an apoptosis inducer and triggers cell apoptosis associated with ROS-dependent autophagy. Merodantoin targets cancer cells expressing KRAS mutations involved in Akt-dependent ROS production.

ROS-IN-1 is a mitochondrial ROS inhibitor used to reduce oxidative stress or inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

β-Carotene (Provitamin A) is a naturally-occurring retinol (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain fruits and vegetables with potential antineoplastic and chemopreventive activities. As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits free-radical damage to DNA.

Diuron is an orally active benzoylurea herbicide against annual, perennial broadleaf weeds, and grass weeds. Diuron inhibits the production of ATP and NADH, thereby impairing plant photosynthesis, and also increases ROS production and promotes DMBA/BBN-induced bladder cancer development.

4-Chlorochalcone is a biologically active chalcone with potential inhibitory effects on human MAO-B and ROS RNS production and is able to inhibit the growth of CAL51 cells.

Azoxystrobin (Bankit) is a broad-spectrum fungicide. Azoxystrobin induces ROS production, cell apoptosis and mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1.

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (Acetyl L-carnitine hydrochloride) is a nutritional supplement composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the acetylated form of the endogenously produced L-carnitine, with potential neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, anti-depressive and immunomodulating activities. It may also relieve peripheral neuropathy induced by chemotherapy, diabetes or other diseases. In addition, acetyl-L-carnitine may modulate the immune response by increasing T-lymphocytes maturation and may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It may also disrupt the ACE2 signaling pathway and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Sodium dichloroacetate (BCA) , a specific inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) with IC50 values of 183 and 80 μM for PDK2 and PDK4 respectively, has been shown to derepress a mitochondrial potassium-ion channel axis, trigger apoptosis in cancer cells, and inhibit tumor growth.

DL-Glyceraldehyde (Glyceric aldehyde) is produced from the action of the enzyme glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts glycerol to glyceraldehyde using NADP as a cofactor. When present at sufficiently high levels, DL-Glyceraldehyde can be a cytotoxin and a mutagen. A cytotoxin is a compound that kills cells. A mutagen is a compound that causes mutations in DNA. DL-Glyceraldehyde is a highly reactive compound that can modify and cross-link proteins. DL-Glyceraldehyde modified proteins appear to be cytotoxic, depress intracellular glutathione levels, and induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (PMID: 14981296 ). DL-Glyceraldehyde has been shown to cause chromosome damage to human cells in culture and is mutagenic in the Ames bacterial test.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

N-Acetylcysteine amide is a thiol antioxidant and a neuroprotective agent with cell permeability and blood-brain barrier permeability. N-Acetylcysteine amide reduces ROS production.

(E/Z)-Squalene ((E/Z)-AddaVax) regulates intracellular reactive oxidant species (ROS) production, induces apoptosis and necrosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, accumulates in the liver, and lowers hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides.

CIL56 (CA3) is a small molecule that induces cellular ferroptosis through the production of iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also induces accumulation of long-chain saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in HT-1080 cells in vitro.HT-1080 cells lacking acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), the rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid synthesis, exhibit 5-fold resistance to CIL56 treatment, indicating ACC1 activity sensitizes cells to CIL56-induced cell death.

1. Flavokawain B (Flavokavain B) has potent anti-inflammatory activity, can significantly inhibit production of NO and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. 2. Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. 3. Flavokawain B induces apoptosis, has the potential usefulness of FKB for prevention and treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer in an adjuvant setting. 4. Flavokawain B acts through ROS generation and GADD153 up-regulation to regulate the expression of Bcl-2 family members, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in HCT116 cells.

ROS inducer 1 is a small molecule compound with bactericidal activity that inhibits the production of ROS in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). ROS inducer 1 induces ROS production in Xanthomonas cells and can be used to study bacterial infections in crops.

Tyrosinase-IN-12(Non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor) is a potent non-competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 49.33 ± 2.64 µM and a Ki of 31.25 ± 0.25 µM. Tyrosinase-IN-12 has significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity (IC50:25.39 ± 0.77 µM), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Tyrosinase inhibitor (Tyrosinase-IN-12) has significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (IC50:25.39 ± 0.77 µM).Tyrosinase-IN-12 can be used for the study of browning of substances in food and fruits.

Sanguinarine chloride (Pseudochelerythrine chloride), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid, stimulates apoptosis by activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Camalexin, a phytoalexin isolated from (Camelina sativa), exhibits antifungal, antibacterial, antiproliferative, and anticancer activities, and can induce ROS production.

(E/Z)-BCI (NSC-150117), a dual-specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) inhibitor with anti-inflammatory properties, reduces LPS-induced inflammatory mediators and ROS production in macrophage cells by activating the Nrf2 signaling axis and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.

RV01 is a novel quinoline-substituted analogue of resveratrol that inhibits DNA damage, reduces ethanol-induced acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) mRNA expression, and has hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. rV01 reduces iNOS expression and has anti-neuroinflammatory effects. rV01 reduces tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA levels and secretion. RV01 reduced tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA levels and secretion, inhibited lps-induced ROS production and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation, decreased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein expression, and inhibited lps-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear transcription factor-кB (NF-кB) signaling pathways.

3',4'-Dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) is an effective antioxidant that reduces ROS and superoxide production in the mesenteric arteries of diabetic rats, increases total eNOS expression, and improves nitric oxide (NO) activity.