protection

1. Orientin (Luteolin-8-glucoside) may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. 2. Orientin protects vascular barrier integrity by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases. 3. Orientin has neuroprotection effect by the intracellular mediation of caspase activity; may alleviate cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in AD mice; can exert antidepressant-like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

L-Cystathionine (Cystathionine, L-) is a key nonprotein amino acid related to metabolic conditions of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine can be used in studies about cardiovascular protection.

Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities.

Sinapinic Acid (Synapoic acid) protects the rat liver from CCl4-induced inflammation, most likely by acting as a free radical scavenger and modulator of NF-κB p65 activation and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Sinapic acid with antioxidant role protects cardiac cells and its functions from I/R induced oxidative stress. Sinapic acid is a potentially useful agent for the protection against liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Sinapic acid prevents the alterations in the levels of lipids and lipoproteins by virtue of its anti-lipidaemic effect in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Sinapic acid ameliorates hyperglycemia through PLC-PKC signals to enhance the glucose utilization in diabetic rats.

FERULIC ACID METHYL ESTER (Methyl ferulate) is a hydroxycinnamic acid that is abundant in plants and originally derived from giant fennel (F. communis). This naturally-occurring phenolic has antioxidant activities that provide protection against inflammation and cancer. Ferulic acid methyl ester is a lipophilic derivative of ferulic acid, demonstrating increased ability to cross cell membranes.

(±)-Myrtenol is the specific enantiomeric form of the bicyclic monoterpene alcohol known as Myrtenol. (-)-Myrtenol has been demonstrated to possess significant anti-anxiety effects in preclinical behavioral models; additionally, (-)-Myrtenol exhibits characteristics of gastric cell protection, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for gastrointestinal conditions.

Gum Arabic, a branched-chain, complex polysaccharide derived from A. Senegal, exhibits antioxidant properties and offers protection against experimental hepatic, renal, and cardiac toxicities. Additionally, it finds application in immunohistochemistry.

(E)-Ligustilide has renal protection and was isolated from Angelica sinensis.

Gypenoside XIII, a member of the gypenosides extracted from *Gynostemma pentaphyllum*, provides protection against cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis.

Chrysotoxine (Phenol, 4-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2,6-dimethoxy-) inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells via NF-κB modulation and mitochondria protection.

Hyperoside (Hyperin) is a naturally occuring flavonoid compound which shows multiple bioactivities, including myocardial protection, anti-redox, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Gypenoside XVII (Gynosaponin S) confers protection against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity through estrogen receptor-dependent activation of PI3K Akt pathways, activation of Nrf2 ARE HO-1 and inactivation of GSK-3β pathways.

Vitexin-2 -O-rhamnoside (Apigenin-8-C-glucoside) is a compound contributes to the protection against H O -mediated oxidative stress damage.

Jujuboside B has potent inhibitory effects on collagen-, thrombin-, AA-, and ADP-induced aggregation, and also exhibits superior protection on the thromboembolic model.

Macranthoidin A has anti-inflammation activity.

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radi

(+)-Magnoflorine (Thalictrin) has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by Magnoflorine through a GABAergic mechanism of action. Magnoflorine and Sinomenine have protective effects, are mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance.

Secoxyloganin possesses a hepato-protective effect. Secoxyloganin possesses antibacterial activity. Secoxyloganin has cytotoxic activity against UACC-62 cell line.Secoxyloganin possesses the perfect protective effect on PRRSV infected cell and with the minimum protection concentration of 6. 25 μg mL.

gamma-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid), is an unsaturated fatty acid synthesized from linoleic acid (LA) by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. Research on hepatocellular cell lines has shown γ-Linolenic Acid to have induced reactive oxygen species generation including lipid peroxidation, cell growth inhibition, and heme oxygenase-1 production for antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. Further experiments have noted that γ-Linolenic acid inhibits inflammatory responses through inactivation of NFκB and activator protein-1 by suppressed oxidative stress.

3'-Methoxypuerarin shows neuron protection activity, it can protect hippocampal neurons against ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis. 3'-Methoxypuerarin(3'- Methoxy Puerarin) has antioxidant activities, it shows ONOO(-) scavenging activity and weak NO· and O(2)(-) scavenging activities.

Aloesin is a C-glycosylated chromone compound found in aloe (Liliaceae) that inhibits tyrosinase (IC50 = 0.9 mM), an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step of the conversion of tyrosine to melanin.

1. Acetylshikonin exhibits weak cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with IC5 of over 2 microM, exhibits the antiangiogenic and antitumorigenic effects by suppressing proliferation and angiogenic factors. 2. Acetylshikonin inhibits the generation of NADPH oxidase complex in the activation of respiratory burst of PMNs, but does not directly inhibit the activity of NADPH oxidase already generated. 3. Certain shikonin derivatives(such as Acetylshikonin) act as modulators of the Nur77-mediated apoptotic pathway and identify a new shikonin-based lead that targets Nur77 for apoptosis induction. 4. Acetylshikonin, shikonin, and alkannin have accelerative effect on the proliferation of granulation tissue in rats. 5. Acetylshikonin has inhibitory effect on the edematous response is due neither to the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal gland nor to the glucocorticoid activity, but probably partly to the suppression of mast cell degranulation and partly to protection of the vasculature from mediator challenge. 6. Acetylshikonin induces apoptosis of hepatitis B virus X protein-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress.

1. Farrerol has antioxidative activity.2. Farrerol modulates TAP and BNBD5 gene expression in mammary gland, enhances bMEC defense against S. aureus infection and could be useful in protection against bovine mastitis. 3. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or act

1. Isocorynoxeine (7-Isocorynoxeine) shows the effects of lowering blood pressure, vasodilatation, and protection against ischemia-induced neuronal damage. 2. Isocorynoxeine exhibits a significant neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced HT22 cell death at the maximum concentration.