anti-hiv

Rabdosiin ((+)-Rabdosiin) is a natural product, and has anti-allergic activity, anti-HIV activity and inhibition on DNA topoisomerase.

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an Nrf2 activator with oral activity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Dimethyl fumarate has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities and has been used in the study of multiple sclerosis.

Baicalin (Baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucuronide) is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor isolated from scutellaria baicalensis, with antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-HIV properties.

Methyl gallate (Gallincin) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibition activities.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

4(3H)-Quinazolinone (4-Hydroxyquinazoline) is a chemically synthesized masonry block, a biologically active nitrogen heterocyclic compound. It possesses various biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anticancer and pain relieving activities.

Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (calycosin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) exhibits a protective effect on rat hepatocytes, inhibits COX-2 activity, has antimicrobial properties, and is a promising anti-HIV agent. Additionally, it demonstrates scavenging activity against DPPH radicals and superoxide anions, alleviates osteoarthritis, and increases brain cell membrane fluidity in ischemia-reperfusion rats.

lithospermic acid is a potent anti-HIV agent and shows anti-gonadotrophic and anti-thyroidal effects.

1. Apigenin 7-glucoside (Cosmosiin) is a anti-HIV agent. 2. Cosmosiin may be beneficial for diabetic complications through their enhanced adiponectin secretion, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor-β and GLUT4 translocation.

Punicalin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-hepatotoxic activities, it shows inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.11 microg ml (0.14 microM).

Valepotriate (Valtrate) fraction can have sedative effects and affect behavioral parameters related to recognition memory. Valepotriates, a new class of cytotoxic and antitumor agents, they are very potent cytotoxic agents for the HTC hepatoma cells. Valepotriates may have a potential anxiolytic effect on the psychic symptoms of anxiety.

Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate, a major polyphenol found in black tea, is an inducer of oxidative stress which has anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive actions, it reduces tumor angiogenesis by downregulating HIF-1αand VEGF.

Nitidine is a bioactive plant benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum nitidum. It shows anticancer, neuroprotective, antimalarial, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities.

Cichoric Acid (Dicaffeoyltartaric acid) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase and the replication in tissues. It also a class of cannabinomimetics with CB2 receptor-dependent and independent.

Helichrysetin has mild anti-HIV-1 PR activity. Helichrysetin has great potentials for development as an anticancer agent, it has cytotoxic effect on four selected cancer cell lines, A549, MCF-7, Ca Ski, and HT-29.

Rosamultin has antioxidant, antiinflammatory antinociceptive properties,and has anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity.

1,3,5-Tricaffeoylquinic acid is a derivative of tricaffeoylquinic acid isolated from *Helichrysum populifolium* and exhibits anti-HIV activity.

Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin synthesized by Alternaria species, displays numerous therapeutic and biological effects, including phytotoxic, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. It functions by inhibiting the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I and II enzymes.

Trilobatin (P-Phlorizin) has anti-oxidant effect, can increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Trilobatin has anti-inflammatory effect, it potentially inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.Trilobatin shows a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect.

1. 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Isochlorogenic acid C) has antiviral activity, including anti-HIV-1 integrase activity. 2. 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (Isochlorogenic acid C) shows anti-hepatotoxic activity.

Sparstolonin B, a selective TLR2 and TLR4 antagonist, is an isocoumarin compound isolated from the tubers of Sparganium stoloniferum and Scirpus yagara with anti-HIV, anticancer, antitumour and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibits selective Toll-like receptors, inhibits free fatty acids It inhibits selective Toll-like receptors, inhibits free fatty acid palmitate-induced chondrocyte inflammation and attenuates post-traumatic arthritis in obese mice, and inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which can be used for validation and mammary carcinoma studies.