Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (W/W 43%) is an orally administered glycosaminoglycan analogue exhibiting anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV effects, indicated for interstitial cystitis.

Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium exhibits anti-HIV-1 activity: in MT-4 cells, its 50% effective antiviral dose (ED₅₀) is 0.19 μg/mL. In HUT-78 cells, the ED₅₀ for inhibiting HIV-1 antigen expression is 0.02 μg/mL, and when the concentration reaches 4.0 μg/mL, complete inhibition of HIV-1 antigen expression can be achieved [2].
In proximal renal tubular cells, pretreatment with Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (200 μg/ml) significantly reduced the upregulation of gene expression of MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-2, ICAM-1, and iNOS induced by TNFα [3].

In aged diabetes mellitus C57B6 mice, Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium (25 mg/kg/day, oral, for 4 months) treatment preserved renal function, significantly reduced albuminuria, and markedly decreased the severity of renal lesions, including tubulointerstitial inflammation. Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium also reduced the upregulation of TNFα and proinflammatory genes in aging diabetic kidneys[3].