peroxidation

7α-Hydroxycholesterol, a cholesterol oxide formed through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation, can serve as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation.

5-Hydroxyoxindole has been identified as a urinary metabolite of indole, which is produced from tryptophane via the tryptophanase activity of gut bacteria [1]. 5-Hydroxyoxindole has lipid peroxidation inhibition activity and free radical DPPH scavenging

Robinetin (3,3',4',5',7-Pentahydroxyflavone) exhibits potent antioxidant and antiradical activities, effectively inhibiting EYPC membrane lipid peroxidation and HbA glycosylation.

Phloretin (NSC-407292) is a well-known inhibitor of eukaryotic urea transporters, blocks VacA-mediated urea and ion transport. Phloretin is a dihydrochalcone, a type of natural phenols. It can be found in apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricot. It promotes potent antioxidative activities in peroxynitrite scavenging and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. It has been found to inhibit the growth of several cancer cells and induce apoptosis of B16 melanoma and HL60 human leukemia cells.

Thiamine monochloride (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin with erythropoietic, glucose-regulatory, antioxidant, and mood-regulatory properties. It inhibits lead-induced lipid peroxidation, preventing lead poisoning, and plays a crucial role in cellular energy production from ingested food while enhancing normal neuronal activity.

Uric acid sodium is a potent and widely recognized antioxidant with the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals, helping to maintain blood pressure stability and counteract oxidative stress. It effectively eliminates reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Additionally, uric acid sodium is closely associated with the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis and the formation of calcium oxalate stones, and it can be used to induce hypertension models.

Citric acid (Citro) is a weak organic tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is a food additive and a natural preservative.

Ethyl cinnamate has antifungal, and vasorelaxant effects. Ethyl cinnamate can lead to the damage of cell membrane system and metabolic disorder through inducing lipid peroxidation via initiating ROS overproduction. Ethyl cinnamate can inhibit the tonic contractions induced by high K+ and phenylephrine (PE) in a concentration-dependent manner, with respective IC50 values of 0.30 mM and 0.38 mM.

Broussochalcone A is a natural antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor (IC50 = 2.21 μM) that scavenges free radicals, inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation, and reduces nitric oxide synthesis in LPS-activated macrophages. Broussochalcone A induces apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells by increasing ROS levels and activating the FOXO3 signaling pathway. Broussochalcone A is also a novel NR4A1 inhibitor that induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through NR4A1-dependent pathways.

1. Peimisine (Ebeiensine) can affect M-receptor, excit β-receptor, restrain the release of internal calcium, and promote to releaseing nitrogen monoxidum in order to relax tracheal smooth muscle and relieve asthma. 2. Peimisine can attenuate lung tissue injury( ALI), LDH and MDA amount in ALI mice in a dose dependent manner, it also lower the total protein, total white blood cells, lymphocyte and neutrophilic leukocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( BALF); suggests that peimisine can play a protective role against LPS-induced acute lung injury. 3. Peimisine has the protective effect on the experimental hepatic fibrosis formation, the possible mechanisms are associated with inhibiting fibrogenesis and fibrosis accumulation, and decreasing lipid peroxidation. 4. Peimisine can inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner, displaying 5 % inhibitory concentration values of 526.5 microM, thus, it may have antihypertensive action.

Cepharanthine (NSC-623442) is a natural alkaloid that inhibits TNF-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation, and platelet aggregation, as well as cytokine production. Cepharanthine exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activities.

6-Hydroxymelatonin is the main active metabolite and endogenous metabolite of Melatonin via CYP1A2, an agonist of MT2 receptor with antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, and effectively reduces KCN-induced lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion production.

6-O-Acetyldaidzin is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from soybeans. It significantly inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome (IC50: 8.2 μM).

6-O-Acetylgenistin is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from soybeans. 6-O-Acetylgenistin significantly inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome with an IC50 of 10.6 μM[1][2].

3-Hydroxydodecanoic acid is a long-chain fatty acid and endogenous metabolite that accumulates in rat brains, inducing oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidative damage, while reducing GSH levels, making it useful for studying neurological symptoms.

1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid, a purine alkaloid, occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans. It functions as an antioxidant with the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and offers protective benefits against lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes.

Cryptopine in vivo disturbs the cellular defense system, so that it tips in the direction of autoxidative lipid peroxidation, producing cytotoxicity.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (LGM2605) was cytoprotective in an in vitro model of iron overload-induced redox-inflammatory damage. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (25 mg/kg b.w.) exerts the antihyperglycemic effect by preventing the liver from peroxidation damage through inhibition of ROS level mediated increased level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.

Capsorubin is a carotenoid with a variety of biological activities. capsorubin inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2′-azino(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN) at a concentration of 167 μM. capsorubin (1 μM) reduced uvb-induced DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in human dermal fibroblasts. formation. It also inhibited the activation of ebvirus early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-carnosine 13-acetate fobo in Raji cells.

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radi

Lancerin, extracted from the root bark of Cudrania cochinchinensis, exhibits antioxidative activity against lipid peroxidation.

4-Ethylresorcinol has inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase and can be used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis.

Rubiadin (1,3-Dihydroxy-2-Methylanthracene-9,10-Dione) possesses potent antioxidant property, it can prevent lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO4 and t-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) in a dose dependent manner.

gamma-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid), is an unsaturated fatty acid synthesized from linoleic acid (LA) by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. Research on hepatocellular cell lines has shown γ-Linolenic Acid to have induced reactive oxygen species generation including lipid peroxidation, cell growth inhibition, and heme oxygenase-1 production for antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. Further experiments have noted that γ-Linolenic acid inhibits inflammatory responses through inactivation of NFκB and activator protein-1 by suppressed oxidative stress.