excitation

CFSE (CFDA-SE) is a fluorescent dye with cell membrane permeability. CFSE irreversibly binds to intracellular proteins in living cells and is used for the detection of cell proliferation. The labeled cells fluoresce in green color with excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength of 518 nm.

DAF-2 DA (5,6-Diaminofluorescein diacetate) is a cell-permeable fluorescent probe used for detecting nitric oxide (NO), requiring use in a serum-free environment free from phenol red interference. It has an excitation wavelength of 491 nm and an emission wavelength of 513 nm, with a commonly used working concentration of 1–10 μm.

Msr-Ratio (Msr-green) (Msr-green) is a ratiometric fluorescent probe specifically designed for the detection of methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSR) activity. It has an excitation wavelength of 375 nm and an emission wavelength of 550 nm. This probe offers the ability to monitor the enzyme activity both in vitro and in live cells, making it a valuable tool for studying MSR function.

FFN 102 mesylate is a pH responsive fluorescent false neurotransmitter (FFN), a selective dopamine transporter (DAT) and VMAT2 substrate. Exhibits no significant binding to a panel of 38 CNS receptors, including dopamine and serotonin receptors. Inhibits dopamine uptake. Excitation maxima are 340 nm at pH 5 and 370 nm at pH 7.5. Emission maximum is 435 nm at both pH 5 and 7.5.FFN 102 mesylate is a Ph-responsive fluorescent pseudoneurotransmitter (FFN) that acts as a substrate for selective dopamine transporters (DAT) and VMAT2.

5-FAM (5-Carboxyfluorescein) (5-Carboxyfluorescein) contains a carboxylic acid, which can be used to react with primary amines via carbodiimide activation of the carboxylic acid. Fluorescein is the most common fluorescent derivatization reagent for labeling biomolecules. In addition to its excellent fluorescence quantum yield, relatively high absorptivity, and good water solubility, it also has an excitation maximum that closely matches the 488 nm spectral line of the argon-ion laser.

Pyrene is a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and a sensitive blue fluorescent group with an excitation wavelength of 338 nm and an emission wavelength of 375 nm. It can be used to detect protein-lipid interactions and conformational changes and also serves as an electron donor material.

IR-820 (New Indocyanine Green) is a near-infrared dye with improved stability, good color rendering, and excellent fluorescence penetration. It serves as an infrared blood pool contrast agent for detecting and quantifying diseased tissue in live animals, with maximal excitation (Ex) and emission (Em) of 710 and 820 nm, respectively.

DiSC3(5) is a lipophilic cationic fluorescent probe sensitive to changes in membrane potential. 3,3'-Dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide accumulates in hyperpolarized cell membranes, leading to fluorescence quenching; when the membranes are depolarized, the dye is released from the cells and the fluorescence intensity is enhanced, which is used for real-time monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential changes and membrane hyperpolarization. The maximum excitation emission wavelength was 622 670 nm.

N-Phenylnaphthalen-1-amine can be used as a hydrophobic fluorescent probe for detecting the critical micelle concentration of surfactants, the concentrations of organolithium and organomagnesium reagents, and phase transitions of membrane lipids in cells. It is a fluorescent probe for odour-binding proteins (OBP), with a dissociation constant of 1.67 μM, an excitation wavelength of 337 nm, and an emission wavelength of 407 nm.

NBD-PE is a lipid dye used primarily as a probe to study lipid organisation and dynamics within cell membranes and also to study membrane fusion by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), Ex=463 nm, Em=536 nm.

CY5 triethylamine salt is a water-soluble dye, Excitation (nm):649, Emission (nm): 670.

5-Aminofluorescein (5-AF) (5-AF) is a covalently-bound fluorescence marker conjugated with human serum albumin. It exhibits an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 515 nm.

5-TAMRA-SE, an amine-reactive fluorescent agent, forms conjugates that produce bright, pH-insensitive orange-red fluorescence (approximate excitation emission maxima ~546 579) and exhibit good photostability.

Acridine Orange 10-Nonyl Bromide is a mitochondrial fluorescent probe that binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, dependent on the mitochondrial membrane potential, with an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 510–525 nm.

DDAO is a promising near-infrared (NIR) red fluorescent probe with a long emission wavelength (λem = 656 nm) and a tunable excitation wavelength (600-650 nm). It can be designed for detecting the activities of various enzymes such as β-galactosidase, sulfatase, protein phosphatase 2A, carboxylesterase 2, human albumin, and esterases.

FHZ is a fluorescent probe (IUPAC: 2-(7-hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one-10-yl)benzoic acid), widely utilized in biological imaging due to its high sensitivity and selectivity in detecting specific molecular targets within cellular environments, exhibiting optimal excitation and emission spectra for various fluorescence microscopy applications.

FITC is a green fluorescein derivative. FITC is often used to label biological macromolecules such as antibodies and proteins. FITC can also be used to label nucleic acids. FITC can be used as a fluorescent probe to detect cell viability, cell apoptosis, etc. FITC showed a maximum excitation wavelength of 494 nm and yellow-green fluorescence at a maximum emission wavelength of 520 nm.

Fluo-4 AM is a cell-permeable calcium ion (Ca²⁺) fluorescent indicator chemical probe suitable for fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and plate screening, with an excitation wavelength of approximately 488 nm and an emission wavelength of 512–520 nm.

5-ROX (5-Carboxy-X-rhodamine), a rhodamine dye, exhibits strong fluorescence in aqueous buffer with an excitation wavelength (λexit) of 580 nm (ε = 3.6×10^4 (M·cm)) and an emission wavelength (λemit) of 604 nm (ϕ = 0.94).

5-TAMRA (5-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine) (5-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine) yields bright, pH-insensitive orange-red fluorescence (approximate excitation emission maxima ~546 579) with good photostability.

6-ROX (6-Carboxy-X-rhodamine) is a fluorescent oligonucleotide marker and acts as an acceptor molecule coupled to 5-FAM as the donor in FRET imaging with excitation of 514nm and emission of 525nm.

Calcein-AM (Calcein acetoxymethyl ester) is a cell-permeable green fluorescent probe commonly used for assessing eukaryotic cell viability or mitochondrial permeability transition pore, with no fluorescence itself. After hydrolysis, it emits green fluorescence with excitation/emission wavelengths: 494/515 nm.

Cy2 is a cyanine dye used for labeling amino groups in oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins (λ excitation: 488 nm; λ emission: 520 nm).

CY2-SE (Cyanine2 Succinimidyl Ester) is a dye for the labeling of amino-groups in oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins (Excitation:492 nm, Emission: 510 nm).