Oxidoreductases,EC 1

Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain (ADH7) is a cytoplasm enzyme which is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. The expression of this gene makes it much more abundant in the stomach than the liver, thus it differs from the other known gene family members. ADH7 may participate in the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. Medium-chain (octanol) and aromatic (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) compounds are the best substrates. Ethanol is not a good substrate but at the high ethanol concentrations reached in the digestive tract, it plays a role in the ethanol oxidation and contributes to the first pass ethanol metabolism.

Malate Dehydrogenase, Cytoplasmic (MDH1) is an enzyme which belongs to the MDH Type 2 sub-family of LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH1 is involved in the Citric Acid Cycle that catalyzes the conversion of Malate into Oxaloacetate (using NAD+) and vice versa. MDH1 should not be confused with Malic Enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of Malate to Pyruvate, producing NADPH. MDH1 also participates in Gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of Glucose from smaller molecules. Pyruvate in the mitochondria is acted upon by Pyruvate Carboxylase to form Pxaloacetate, a Citric Acid Cycle intermediate. In order to transport the Oxaloacetate out of the Mitochondria, Malate Dehydrogenase reduces it to Malate, and it then traverses the inner Mitochondrial membrane. Once in the cytosol, the Malate is oxidized back to Oxaloacetate by MDH1. Finally, Phosphoenol-Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase (PEPCK) converts Oxaloacetate to Phosphoenol Pyruvate.

Catalase (CAT) is a member of the catalase family. It exists as a homotetramer that occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase is localized in the peroxisome. Catalase promotes growth of cells including T-cells, B-cells, myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, mastocytoma cells, and normal and transformed fibroblast cells. Defects in CAT are the cause of acatalasemia which is characterized by absence of catalase activity in red cells and is associated with ulcerating oral lesions.

Thioredoxin-Dependent Peroxide Reductase Mitochondrial (PRDX3) is an enzyme that belongs to the AhpC/TSA family. Human and mouse PRDX3 genes are highly conserved, and they map to the regions syntenic between mouse and human chromosomes. Human PRDX3 protein has an antioxidant function and is localized in the mitochondrion. PRDX3 is involved in redox regulation of the cell. PRDX3 protects radical-sensitive enzymes from oxidative damage by a radical-generating system. It acts synergistically with MAP3K13 to regulate the activation of NF-kappa-B in the cytosol.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD2) is a number of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family. SOD2 is a mitochondrial protein that forms a homotetramer and binds one manganese ion per subunit. The SOD2 protein transforms toxic superoxide and a byproduct of the mitochondrial electron transport chain into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Genetic variation in SOD2 is associated with microvascular complications of diabetes type 6 (MVCD6), idiopathic cardiomyopathy (IDC), sporadic motor neuron disease, and cancer. SOD2 destroys superoxide anion radicals which are usually produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems.

Chlorite dismutase (Cld) found in prokaryotic organisms, also known as Chlorite O2-lyase, is a b-type heme containing enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of chlorite into chloride plus dioxygen. The subunit of chlorite dismutase consists of a heme free N-terminal and a heme b containing C-terminal ferredoxin-like fold with high structural homology to the dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs). The physiological role of Cld in prokaryote has been shown that some microorganisms can use perchlorate or chlorate as terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration thereby producing chlorite that must be detoxified. This enzyme has gained attention because it can be used in the development of bioremediation processes, biosensors, and controlled dioxygen production.

GDP-L-Fucose Synthase is a NADP(H)-binding protein. It catalyzes the two-step epimerase and the reductase reactions in GDP-D-mannose metabolism, converting GDP-4-keto-6-D-dexoymannose to GDP-L-fucose. GDP-L-Fucose is the substrate of several fucosyltransferase, involving the expression of mamy glycoconjugates, including blood group ABH antigens and development adhesion antigens. Mutations in the TSTA3 gene may cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II.

Catalyzes the conversion of (3S)-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid, the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of cholesterol and other isoprenoids, thus plays a critical role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. HMGCR is the main target of statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering drugs.

Polyphenol oxidase 2 Protein, Agaricus bisporus, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51.0 kDa and the accession number is O42713.

Extradiol dioxygenase that opens up the cyclic ring of DOPA between carbons 4 and 5 thus producing an unstable seco-DOPA that rearranges non-enzymatically to betalamic acid. Can also catalyze the formation of muscaflavin (a pigment found in the hygrocybe mushrooms family and of some amanita species only) by a 2,3-extradiol cleavage of DOPA. DODA Protein, Amanita muscaria, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.6 kDa and the accession number is P87064.

AtAER Protein, Arabidopsis thaliana, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 38.1 kDa and the accession number is Q39172.

N/A. Glucose oxidase Protein, Aspergillus niger, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 65.6 kDa and the accession number is P13006.

Catalyzes an NADPH-dependent reduction of FMN, but is also able to reduce FAD or riboflavin.

Catalyzes the hydroxylation of 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol during ubiquinone biosynthesis.

CYP2A6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

Probably acts as a terminal oxidase of plasma electron transport from cytosolic NAD(P)H via hydroquinones to acceptors at the cell surface. Hydroquinone oxidase activity alternates with a protein disulfide-thiol interchange/oxidoreductase activity which may control physical membrane displacements associated with vesicle budding or cell enlargement. The activities oscillate with a period length of 24 minutes and play a role in control of the ultradian cellular biological clock.

Catalyzes the oxidation of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG) to alpha-ketoglutarate. Also catalyzes the oxidation of other D-2-hydroxyacids, such as D-malate (D-MAL) and D-lactate (D-LAC). Exhibits high activities towards D-2-HG and D-MAL but a very weak activity towards D-LAC.

Can convert androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) to androsterone in vitro, suggesting that it may participate in androgen metabolism during steroidogenesis. May act by metabolizing compounds that stimulate steroid synthesis and/or by generating metabolites that inhibit it. Has no activity toward DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), or A-dione (4-androste-3,17-dione), and only a slight activity toward testosterone to A-dione. Tumor-associated antigen in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. HSD17B11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8NBQ5.

Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. SOD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.1 kDa and the accession number is P08294.

LOX Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & MBP) is expressed in Baculovirus.

MICAL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Yeast.

A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that plays a major role in adrenal steroidogenesis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation at C-21 of progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone to respectively form 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, intermediate metabolites in the biosynthetic pathway of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase).

May function as an intracellular leucine sensor that negatively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway. May also regulate the insulin-receptor signaling pathway through activation of TORC2. This metabolic regulator may also play a role in protection against oxidative and genotoxic stresses. May prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity born by the N-terminal domain of the protein.

Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).

Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Has ferroxidase activity. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation.

Essential to the formation of benzophenanthridine alkaloids in the response of plants to pathogenic attack. Catalyzes the stereospecific conversion of the N-methyl moiety of (S)-reticuline into the berberine bridge carbon of (S)-scoulerine.

OGDC-E1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 59.1 kDa and the accession number is Q02218.

FADS2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.9 kDa and the accession number is O95864.

Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of all-trans-retinol and its derivatives such as all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol and may participate in retinoid metabolism. In vitro can also catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of all-trans-retinal and its derivatives such as all-trans-4-oxoretinal. Catalyzes in the oxidative direction with higher efficiency. Has the same affinity for all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol and all-trans-4-oxoretinal. ADH1B Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 55.7 kDa and the accession number is P00325.

MAOB Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Releases hydrogen peroxide in the apoplast which may be important for cross-linking reactions in the cell wall biochemistry. May play an important role in several aspects of plant growth and defense mechanisms. Oxalate oxidase 1 Protein, Hordeum vulgare, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.2 kDa and the accession number is P45850.

ADH5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli.

Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver. Adrenodoxin reductase Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 55.8 kDa and the accession number is P08165.

NAD-GDH Protein, Clostridium difficile, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Aromatase/CYP19A1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

PLOD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 85.9 kDa and the accession number is O60568.

LOXL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 55.7 kDa and the accession number is P58215.

Serves as the first electron transfer protein in all the mitochondrial P450 systems including cholesterol side chain cleavage in all steroidogenic tissues, steroid 11-beta hydroxylation in the adrenal cortex, 25-OH-vitamin D3-24 hydroxylation in the kidney, and sterol C-27 hydroxylation in the liver. FDXR Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.6 kDa and the accession number is P22570.

PYCR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli with N-terminal 6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.7 kDa. Accession number: Q8TBX0

Catalyzes one step in the degradation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

N/A. TPH2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 60.1 kDa and the accession number is Q8IWU9.

JBP1 Protein, Leishmania infantum, Recombinant (His & V5) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-V5 tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.4 kDa and the accession number is A4HU70.

Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links. PLOD2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with C-6xHis-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 85.2 kDa and the accession number is Q9R0B9.

Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. First enzyme of the fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway.; Shows highest activity against medium-chain fatty acyl-CoAs and activity decreases with increasing chain length.; Is active against a much broader range of substrates and shows activity towards very long-chain acyl-CoAs. Is twice as active as isoform 1 against 16-hydroxy-palmitoyl-CoA and is 25% more active against 1,16-hexadecanodioyl-CoA.

Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. SOD1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.8 kDa and the accession number is P08228.

N/A. L-lactate dehydrogenase Protein, Plasmodium berghei, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.4 kDa and the accession number is Q7SI97.

Catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of mycothione (the oxidized disulfide form of mycothiol) to mycothiol.

Catalyzes the reverse reaction of octopine dehydrogenation. Acts on L-arginine in preference to other substrates such as canavanine, cysteine, L-alanine, ornithine or norvaline, owing to the presence of the positively charged guanidium group. ODH1 Protein, Pecten maximus, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.8 kDa and the accession number is Q9BHM6.

Regulates the level of the neuromodulator D-serine in the brain. Has high activity towards D-DOPA and contributes to dopamine synthesis. Could act as a detoxifying agent which removes D-amino acids accumulated during aging. Acts on a variety of D-amino acids with a preference for those having small hydrophobic side chains followed by those bearing polar, aromatic, and basic groups. Does not act on acidic amino acids. DAO Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.8 kDa and the accession number is O35078.

GFER Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38.8 kDa and the accession number is Q63042.