Glutathione

Glutathione oxidized (L(-)-Glutathione) is a GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.

L-Glutathione reduced (Glutathione) is a naturally occurring tripeptide found in cells as an endogenous antioxidant that scavenges oxygen free radicals. L-Glutathione reduced is a cofactor for certain enzymes and is involved in the rearrangement of protein disulfide bonds and the reduction of peroxides.

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous transnitrosation donor involved in S-nitrosation of a variety of cellular proteins. GSNO, an exogenous NO donor and substrate of rat alcohol dehydrogenase class III isoenzyme, inhibits cerebral angiotensin II-dependent and -independent AT1 receptor responses.

S-Methylglutathione (S-Methyl glutathione) is an S-substituted glutathione, an inhibitor of the 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene coupling catalyzed by transferase A and an XOCl scavenger.S-Methylglutathione inhibits glyoxalase 1 (glyoxalase 1), which induces the development of the glyoxalase 1 enzyme. S-Methylglutathione inhibits glyoxalase 1 (glyoxalase 1) and induces the formation of hydroid tentacle balls.

L-γ-Glutamyl-S-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl] was isolated as the major principle responsible for the inhibition of the in vitro binding of kainic acid to brain glutamate receptors by water extracts of the plant Gastrodia elata.

N,S-Bis-Fmoc-Glutathione is a potent glyoxalase II inhibitor with a Ki of 0.32 mM [1].

S-(1,2-Dicarboxyethyl)glutathione is a peptide recognized for its inhibitory effects on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation [1].

Glutathione diethyl ester is a hydrophilic derivative of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor phenylarsine oxide (PAO). It inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth.

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

γ-Glu-Phe TFA(7432-24-8 free base) is a dipeptide composed of gamma-glutamate and phenylalanine and is a proteolytic breakdown product of larger proteins. It is probably formed by transpeptidation between glutathione and the corresponding amino acid, catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.

Thioredoxin reductase peptide acetate corresponds to residues 53–67 in thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), used in thioredoxin reductase research.Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyzes the reduction of the redox-active disulfide bond of thioredoxin (Trx

Hexylglutathione, a glutathione-S-transferase inhibitor, is used to study the effects of phase II enzymes and glutathione.

Homoglutathione, a tripeptide essential in eukaryotes, plays multifaceted roles in cellular redox regulation and exhibits taste-modifying effects [1] [2].

MTP 131 is a mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidant.1,2It localizes to the mitochondria and reducestert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells when used at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 nM.1MTP 131 (2 mg kg) reduces infarct volume, hemispheric swelling, and glutathione (GSH) depletion in a mouse model of acute cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).2It increases survival, improves motor function, and decreases degeneration of the lumbar spinal cord in a superoxide dismutase 1 mutant (SOD1G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when administered at a dose of 5 mg kg. MTP 131 reduces albuminuria, urinary hydrogen peroxide levels, and mesangial matrix accumulation, as well as preserves superoxide production, in adb dbmouse model of diabetic nephropathy.3 1.Zhao, K., Luo, G., Giannelli, S., et al.Mitochondria-targeted peptide prevents mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in neuronal cell linesBiochem. Pharmacol.70(12)1796-1806(2005) 2.Szeto, H.H.Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants: Novel neuroprotective agentsAAPS J.8(3)E521-E531(2006) 3.Miyamoto, S., Zhang, G., Hall, D., et al.Restoring mitochondrial superoxide levels with elamipretide (MTP-131) protects db db mice against progression of diabetic kidney diseaseJ. Biol. Chem.295(21)7249-7260(2020)

Ezatiostat hydrochloride (TLK199 HCl) is an effective inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase. Ezatiostat hydrochloride is a novel glutathione analog and the potential treatment of cytopenias. In addition, Ezatiostat hydrochloride has been revealed to selectively bind to and thus inhibit GSTP1-1.

TLK117 selective inhibits Glutathione S-transferase P1–1 (GSTP1-1)(Ki of 0.4 μM for GSTP).

Thioredoxin reductase peptide, corresponding to residues 53-67 in thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), is used in thioredoxin reductase research. Mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TR) catalyzes the reduction of the redox-active disulfide bond of thioredoxin (Trx) and is structurally and mechanistically similar to glutathione reductase, except for a C-terminal 16-amino acid extension containing a rare vicinal selenylsulfide bond.

Ezatiostat (TER199(free base)) is a tripeptide analog of glutathione that can selectively inhibit GSTP1-1 catalytic activity.

Phoenixin-14 TFA (PNX-14) is a blood-brain barrier (BBB)-penetrable neuropeptide with anxiolytic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. It modulates pituitary gonadotrophin release by enhancing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor mRNA expression and promotes insulin secretion. Additionally, PNX-14 TFA protects against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury in mice and combats oxidative stress by diminishing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevating glutathione (GSH) levels [1] [2] [3].