placental

Oxybenzone is a UV filter commonly used in tanning and skin protection agents. It is a derivative of benzophenone and is used as an endocrine disrupting chemical that penetrates the placental and blood-brain barriers. It impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic status and disrupts vitamin X-like receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.

Estradiol 3-sulfamate (BLE 00084) is an orally active and highly potent steroidal estrone sulfatase (ES) inhibitor.Estradiol 3-sulfamate has a K(i) value of 73 nM for ES in human placental microsomes and can be used in the study of breast cancer.

Minamestane is a novel irreversible aromatase inhibitor.Minamestane induces time-dependent inhibition of human placental aromatase with a half-life of 4 minutes and a K of 59 nM.Minamestane has antitumor activity.

Prochloraz (Prelude) is a broad-spectrum contact imidazole fungicide. Prochloraz inhibits human placental microsomal aromatase in vitro (IC50 = 40 nM). Prochloraz also acts as an estrogen receptor (IC50s = 25 μM) and androgen receptor (IC50 = 4 μM) antagonist, and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptors (EC50 = 1 μM).

Estrone O-sulfamate (Estrone 3-O-sulfamate) is a potent inhibitor of steroid sulfatase (STS), showing IC50 values of 18 nM as a placental microsomal inhibitor (P.M.) and 0.83 nM in MCF-7 cells. Estrone O-sulfamate can be used to study cancer.

Desethyl chloroquine diphosphate, the active metabolite of Desethylchloroquine, is a cross-placental and orally available inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs) with antiplasmodial activity and inhibition of autophagy.

(S)-Dexfadrostat ((S)-Fadrozole), an aromatase inhibitor, exhibits an IC 50 of 4.6 nM in in vitro assays using human placental microsomes. It is applicable for research on estrogen-dependent breast cancer, gynecomastia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Imipramine (Dimipressin) is an orally active Fascin1 inhibitor with antidepressant and antitumor activity.Imipramine inhibits the 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (IC50: 32 nM), induces apoptosis, and induces autophagy in U-87MG glioma cells.Imipramine has neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activities, inhibits TNT, and is used to label brain blood vessels.Imipramine is a neuroprotective and immunomodulatory compound. Imipramine has neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activities, inhibits invasion and migration of TNBC cells, and can be used to study breast cancer and epilepsy.

Triphenyl phosphate can disrupt placental tryptophan metabolism by activating MAOA/ROS/NFκB, leading to abnormal neural behavior. It promotes oxidative stress by inducing inflammatory factors such as nuclear factor κ B (NFκB), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α. Additionally, triphenyl phosphate may cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Oxybenzone-d3 (Benzophenone 3-d3) is a deuterium-labeled form of Oxybenzone. Commonly used as a UV filter in tanning and skin protection products, Oxybenzone (Benzophenone 3) acts as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that can cross both the placental and blood-brain barriers. It impairs autophagy, alters epigenetic states, and disrupts retinoid X receptor signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells.

ML-095 hydrochloride (CID-25067483 hydrochloride) is a specific placental alkaline phosphatase inhibitor. It inhibits PLAP, TNAP and IAP with IC50 of 2.1, >100 and 53 μM, respectively.

rac-trans-4-hydroxy Glyburide, an active metabolite of the SUR1 Kir6.2 sulfonylurea inhibitor glyburide, is formed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP2C8 and CYP2C9. It inhibits glyburide binding to rat brain synaptosomes at high and low affinity sites of SUR1 Kir6.2 with IC50 values of 0.95 and 100 nM, respectively.

17β-hydroxy Exemestane is the primary active metabolite of exemestane . It is formed by metabolism of exemestane by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A and CYP4A11. 17β-hydroxy Exemestane is an aromatase inhibitor (IC50 = 69 nM using human placental microsomes) and an androgen receptor (AR) agonist (IC50 = 39.6 nM) that is selective for AR over estrogen receptor α (ERα; IC50 = 21.2 μM). It stimulates growth of AR- and ERα-positive MCF-7 (EC50 = 2.7 μM) and T47D breast cancer cells (EC50s = 0.43 and 1,500 nM for AR- and ER-mediated growth, respectively) and inhibits proliferation of testosterone-treated aromatase-overexpressing MCF-7aro cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 17β-hydroxy Exemestane (20 mg/kg) inhibits increases in serum cholesterol and LDL levels and prevents decreases in bone mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae and femur, as well as femoral bending strength and compressive strength of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, in ovariectomized rats.

DCVC inhibits pathogen-stimulated TNF-α in human extra placental membranes in vitro.Target: TNF-αin vitro: DCVC inhibits pathogen stimulated cytokine release from tissue punch cultures. DCVC (5-50 μM) significantly inhibits LTA-, LPS-, and GBS-stimulated cytokine release from tissue cultures as early as 4 h (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, TCA (up to 500 μM) does not inhibit LTA-stimulated cytokine release from tissue punches. DCVC effects on LTA-stimulated and LPS-stimulated TNF-α release from tissue punch cultures of extraplacental membranes. DCVC effects on GBS-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from extraplacental membranes in transwell cultures. [1]. Boldenow E, et al. The trichloroethylene metabolite S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine but not trichloroacetate inhibits pathogen-stimulated TNF-α in human extraplacental membranes in vitro. Reprod Toxicol. 2015 Apr;52:1-6. [2]. Lash LH, et al. Multigenerational study of chemically induced cytotoxicity and proliferation in cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 18;15(11):21348-65. [3]. Yoo HS, et al. Comparative analysis of the relationship between trichloroethylene metabolism and tissue-specific toxicity among inbred mouse strains: kidney effects. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2015;78(1):32-49.

16α-hydroxy Dehydroepiandrosterone (16α-OH-DHEA) is a neurosteroid found in the brain, a precursor to placental estriol biosynthesis.

(R)-Fadrozole ((R)-CGS 16949A; FAD286) is a potent nonsteroidal inhibitor. (R)-Fadrozole also inhibits human placental aromatase (pIC 50 = 6.17) and aldosterone biosynthesis. (R)-Fadrozole reverses cardiac fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats..

Coniferyl ferulate is a strong inhibitor of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isolated from Radix Angelicae sinensis. It shows strong inhibition of human placental GST (IC50: 0.3 μM). It also reverses multidrug resistance and downregulates P-glycoprotein.

Pinafide is a rodenticide and anti-protozoal agent. Pinafide shows strong cytostatic activity against both HeLa and KB cells and is moderately toxic to both mice and rats. It has been proved active against experimental tumors and shown to be inhibitor of two DNA viruses. Pinafide blocks cell growth by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. It has been shown to bind to double-helical DNA by intercalation. Pinafide inhibited the activity of M. tuberculosis NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase A at concentrations of 50 uM. At the chemical screening was found that pinafide inhibited B-Myb transcriptional activity in luciferase assays. The cross placental-barrier studies showed that 3H-pinafide was present in the 14-day fetuses.

Benzoylaconine (Isaconitine) is an alkaloid in the Chinese traditional medicine Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi). Benzoylaconine and aconitine can induce reproductive toxicity in BeWo Cell, the amino acid metabolism was the main metabolic pathway and responsible for the placental and fetal toxicity of them.

Steroid sulfatase-IN-7 is an irreversible inhibitor of steroid sulfatase (STS) with an IC50 of 0.05 nM against human placental STS, making it suitable for cancer research applications [1].

15-epi-PGE1 (15R-Prostaglandin E1; 15-Epiprostaglandin E1), a stereoisomer of PGE1, exhibits reduced biological activity [2]. This compound acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of human placental 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of 170 μM [1].

Prochloraz (Standard) is the standard substance of Prochloraz, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Prochloraz (Prelude) is a broad-spectrum contact imidazole fungicide. Prochloraz inhibits human placental microsomal aromatase in vitro (IC50 = 40 nM). Prochloraz also acts as an estrogen receptor (IC50s = 25 μM) and androgen receptor (IC50 = 4 μM) antagonist, and activates aryl hydrocarbon receptors (EC50 = 1 μM).

Triphenyl phosphate (Standard) is the standard substance of Triphenyl phosphate, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Triphenyl phosphate can disrupt placental tryptophan metabolism by activating MAOA/ROS/NFκB, leading to abnormal neural behavior. It promotes oxidative stress by inducing inflammatory factors such as nuclear factor κ B (NFκB), interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α. Additionally, triphenyl phosphate may cause allergic contact dermatitis.

Lipohexin is a peptide antibiotic that exhibits activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It competitively inhibits human placental proline endopeptidase (proline endopeptidase) with an IC50 of 3.5 μM. Additionally, Lipohexin inhibits proline endopeptidase from Flavobacterium meningosepticum, with an IC50 of 25 μM.