hydrocarbon

Acenaphthylene is environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)pollutants

Diosmin (Venosmine) is a bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls.

Dibenzofuran possesses multiple biological activities, including inhibition of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and bovine viral diarrhoea virus.

Lycopene (ψ,ψ-Carotene) is a linear, unsaturated hydrocarbon carotenoid, the major red pigment in fruits such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit, apricots, red oranges, watermelon, rosehips, and guava. As a class, carotenoids are pigment compounds found in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, and some types of fungus), and are chemically characterized by a large polyene chain containing 35-40 carbon atoms; some carotenoid polyene chains are terminated by two 6-carbon rings. In animals, carotenoids such as lycopene may possess antioxidant properties which may retard aging and many degenerative diseases. As an essential nutrient, lycopene is required in the animal diet.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring, orally available cleavage product of the glucosinolate glucobrassicanin, inhibits NF-κB and IκBα kinase activation.

Carbidopa (Lodosyn) is an aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (IC50: 29±2 μM). It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA.

5,6-Benzoflavone (β-Naphthoflavone) is an exogenous ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which disrupts zinc homeostasis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. 5,6-Benzoflavone (β-Naphthoflavone) possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, inhibits LPS-induced inflammation through the AKT/Nrf-2/HO-1-NF-kappaB signaling axis, inhibits TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, which can be used to study neurodegenerative diseases.

(E)-β-Farnesene (trans-β-Farnesene) is a sesquiterpene hydrocarbon found in Phlomis aurea Decne, serving as the primary component of many aphid alarm pheromones that disrupt feeding. It also impairs the development and survival of Chilo suppressalis larvae by disrupting their hormone balance.

N-heptadecane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound commonly used as a standard substance in chemical analysis and can be used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Rhapontigenin (Protigenin) is a mechanism-based, selective inactivator of cytochrome P450 1A1 (IC50: 400 nM), an aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase which activates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that act as procarcinogens. Rhapontigenin is a natural analog of resveratrol with antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. At higher concentrations, rhapontigenin inhibits the proliferation of HL-60R and HepG2 cancer cell lines (IC50: 48 μM).

Tetracontane is a long-chain saturated hydrocarbon primarily used as a non-polar solvent and as a calibration standard for determining hydrocarbons in soil samples.

Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of three fused benzene rings that presents as a colorless, solid, crystalline substance derived primarily from coal tar, known for its characteristic blue fluorescence under ultraviolet light and its extensive use as a fundamental raw material for producing anthraquinone dyes, synthetic fibers, and various other organic compounds. While Anthracene serves as a component in some wood preservatives and asphalt products, Anthracene is also a recognized environmental pollutant and is classified as a potential occupational carcinogen by some regulatory bodies.

1,2-Dimethylnaphthalene is a specific dimethylnaphthalene isomer carrying methyl substituents at the 1 and 2 positions on the naphthalene ring system, and this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon has been reported as a natural constituent in several plant species including Phaseolus vulgaris, Nelumbo lutea, and Magnolia liliiflora.

Hexachloroethane, also known by its systematic name perchloroethane, is a chlorinated hydrocarbon and a chlorinated alkane that appears as a white or colorless crystalline solid at room temperature, with a distinctive camphor-like odor. Hexachloroethane has various industrial uses, including in military smoke compositions, metal and alloy production, and as an ingredient in some specialized pesticides and lubricants. Hexachloroethane is also known to be toxic and can cause significant adverse health effects in humans upon exposure.

7(Z)-Tricosene is an insect pheromone and endogenous metabolite for mating and interspecific recognition.

Tapinarof (Benvitimod) is targeted as a topical cream treatment for psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin disease.

L-Kynurenine ((S)-Kynurenine) is an endogenous agonist of the tryptophan metabolite and the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). L-Kynurenine can inhibit the proliferation of allogeneic T cells and increase the invasion of malignant U87 glioma cells into the collagen matrix.

Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (Potassium 3-indoxyl sulfate) is an agonist for the human Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), a key regulator of immune-inflammatory conditions. A metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein, it is produced by intestinal bacteria and metabolized in the liver. In chronic kidney disease patients with impaired renal function, it accumulates in serum as a uremic toxin, inducing oxidative stress and accelerating disease progression. At 250 μM, it activates NF-Κb, promoting TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in rat proximal tubular cells, which is associated with profibrotic activity.

Indole-3-pyruvic acid (3-(3-Indolyl)-2-oxopropanoic acid) is a compound involved in the biosynthesis of Indole-3-acetic acid, a plant hormone which plays important roles in regulating growth and responses to environmental changes.

2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid (O-Toluric acid) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. In certain cases, the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Methylhippuric acid is a metabolite of xylene which is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent.

Skatole (3-Methyl-1H-indole) is produced by intestinal bacteria. Skatole regulates intestinal epithelial cellular functions through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and p38.

Indolokine A5, a catabolite of L-cysteine, is a potent aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist.

Flavipin, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) agonist, activates Ahr downstream gene expression in mouse CD4+ T cells and CD11b+ macrophages. This compound disrupts the stabilizing effect of Arid5a on the newly identified target mRNA, Il23a 3′UTR. Additionally, Flavipin demonstrates significant antioxidant properties, evidenced by its DPPH free radical scavenging capability with an IC50 value of 7.2 μM, and exhibits potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 33.8 μM.

Norisoboldine hydrochloride, an orally active aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and a prominent isoquinoline alkaloid found in Radix Linderae, is utilized for research purposes in the study of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ulcerative Colitis [1] [2].