peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

Lanifibranor (IVA337) is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) with EC50 values of 1,537, 866, and 206 nM for human recombinant PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, respectively, for transactivation activity

Clofibrate (Clofibrato) is an aryloxyisobutyric acid derivate with antihyperlipidemic activity.

Gemfibrozil (CI-719) interacts with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARalpha) resulting in PPARalpha-mediated stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis. Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative with hypolipidemic effects. This enhances triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance and reduces the expression of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III). The reduction in hepatic production of apoC-III result in the subsequent reduction of serum levels of very-low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). In addition, gemfibrozil-mediated PPARalpha stimulation of apoA-I and apoA-II expression results in an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

Rosiglitazone maleate (BRL 49653) is the maleate salt of rosiglitazone, an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity.

Tetradecylthioacetic acid is a synthetic fatty acid with a sulfur substitution in the β-position. This modification renders TTA unable to undergo complete β-oxidation and increases its biological activity, including activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) with preference for PPARα.

Glabridin (KB-289522) may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in diabetes-related vascular dysfunction, through regulating the synthesis and activity of iNOS under high-glucose levels; may possess a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders( such as diabetes and hyperglycemia), by modulating glucose metabolism through AMPK in skeletal muscle cells. Glabridin may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against liver Y metastasis, by inhibiting the invasion of human HCC cells.

Daidzein (Isoflavone) is an isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties.

Rosiglitazone (BRL49653) is a PPARγ agonist, TRPC5 activator, and TRPM3 inhibitor with oral activity. Rosiglitazone is also a hypoglycemic agent and a thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer.

Cloxiquine (Dermofongin) is a monohalogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline with activity against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

Ciprofibrate (Win35833) is a fibrate derivative with antilipidemic activity.

NPC 15199 (FMOC-L-Leucine) is an anti-inflammatory agent.

GW 501516 (Endurobol) is a effective and highly specifc PPARβ δ agonist (EC50: 1 nM), with 1000-fold selectivity over hPPARα γ.

5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) is an anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE.

Pioglitazone hydrochloride (AD 4833) is the hydrochloride salt of an orally-active thiazolidinedione with antidiabetic properties and potential antineoplastic activity.

GW9662 (TIMTEC-BB SBB006523) is a specific PPARγ antagonist (IC50: 3.3 nM, in a cell-free assay), with 100 to 1000-fold functional selectivity for PPARγ than PPARα/δ in cells.

Cinnamyl alcohol (Styryl Carbinol) readily autoxidizes upon air exposure, and forms strong sensitizers as determined by the local lymph node assay.

Icariin (Ieariline) belongs to the flavonol glycoside group of natural products, can inhibit PDE5 and PDE4 activity (IC50=432 73.50 μM), is also a PPARα activator. Icariin can increase cardiovascular and cerebrovascular blood flow, promote hematopoiesis, immunity and bone metabolism.

Fenofibric acid (FNF acid) is the active form of fenofibrate, a synthetic phenoxy-isobutyric acid derivate with antihyperlipidemic activity.

Magnolol (5,5'-Diallyl-2,2'-biphenyldiol) is a dual agonist of RXRα( EC50=10.4 μM) and PPARγ(EC50=17.7 μM). It blocks TNF-α-induced NF-KB activation.

Fisetin belongs to a group of natural flavonols with a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.

Clofibric acid (Chlorofibrinic acid) is an antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.

1. Raspberry ketone (p-Hydroxybenzyl acetone) is cytotoxic to melanocytes through the binding of RK-derived quinones to thiol proteins and the pro-oxidant activity of the RK-oligomer, the exposure of human skin to RK can cause chemical/occupational leukoderma. 2. Raspberry ketone is marketed on the Internet as a food supplement.

Bezafibrate (BM15075) is an antilipemic agent that lowers CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES. It decreases LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and increases HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Fenofibrate (Lipanthyl) is a PPARα agonist (EC50=30 μM) and is selective. Fenofibrate also inhibits cytochrome P450 isoforms, such as CYP2C19, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4. Fenofibrate exhibits antihyperlipidemic activity.

T0070907(IC50=1 nM) , an effective and specific PPARγ inhibitor, with the >800-fold selectivity over PPARα and PPARδ.

LJ570 is the first PPARα/γ dual agonist (PPARα,PPARγ with EC50s of 1.05 and 0.12 μM, respectively[)

Inolitazone (RS5444) a high-affinity PPARγ agonist. Inolitazone exhibits IC50 for growth inhibition is ~0.8 nM in vitro.

Darglitazone (CP-86325) is a potent, selective agonist of PPAR-γ with antidiabetic actions. Darglitazone is effective in controlling blood glucose and lipid metabolism.

MCC-555 (Isaglitazone) is a PPARα and PPARγ agonist exerting antihyperglycemic effects.

SR1664 is a potent and selective PPARγ inhibitor with potential antidiabetic activity. SR1664 binds to PPARγ and potently inhibits Cdk5-mediated PPARγ phosphorylation (IC50 = 80 nM; Ki = 28.67 nM) without exhibiting PPARγ agonist activity.

GW0742 (GW610742) is an effective and specific PPARδ agonist (EC50: 1 nM/1.1 μM/2 μM, for human PPARδ/α/γ).

Pirinixic Acid (NSC 310038) is a synthetic thiacetic acid derivative used in biomedical research, carcinogenic Pirinixic acid is a peroxisome proliferator that activates specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR).

Bilobetin ameliorates insulin resistance by PKA-mediated phosphorylation of PPARα in rats fed a high-fat diet.

GW6471 is an antagonist of PPARα with IC50 of 0.24 μ M. GW6471 enhances the binding affinity of the PPAR α ligand-binding domain to the co-repressor proteins SMRT and NCoR.

Pioglitazone (U 72107) is an insulin sensitizing agent and thiazolidinedione indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and has been linked to rare instances of acute liver injury.

GSK3787 is a specific and irreversible PPARδ inhibitor（pIC50= 6.6）.

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a natural agonist of the retinoic acid receptor RAR and inhibits RARα/β/γ (IC50=14 nM). Retinoic acid induces cellular differentiation, reduces cellular proliferation, and inhibits tumorigenesis.

Troglitazone (Romglizone) is a PPARγ agonist with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity.

GW 7647 is an effective and highly selective PPARα agonist, the EC 50 values of human PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ receptors are 6,1100 and 6200 nM, respectively. GW 7647 can reduce the production of nitric oxide in macrophages and has lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties in the body.

MK-886 (L 663536) is an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, acting by inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP), and serves as a moderately potent PPARα antagonist.

Arhalofenate (JNJ 39659100) is a selective partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARγ. It is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Angeloylgomisin H shows moderate cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranging from 100 to 200 ug mL against MCF7, HEK293 and CAL27 cell lines.

Seladelpar (MBX 8025) has been used in trials studying the treatment of Hyperlipidemia.

AMG131 (CHS 131) , is a novel, non-thiazolidinedione (TZD), selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma modulator, which can be used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent diabetes)

Alpinetin ((-)-alpinetin) has antibacterial activity.Alpinetin has anti-inflammatory activity.Alpinetin can enhance the sensitivity of HepG2 hepatoma cells to the chemotherapeutic agent CDDP. Alpinetin has strong anti-hepatoma and pancreatic cancer cells effects, by inhibiting proliferation , regulating of the Bcl-2 family and XIAP expression, releasing of cytochrome c and activating caspases.

beta-Amyrone (β-Amyron) has antifungal activity against Chikungunya virus replication with an EC50 of 86 uM. beta-Amyrone has anti-inflammatory activity through inhibiting the expression of COX-2. beta-Amyrone exhibits anti-α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and moderate AChE activity. β-Amyrone can be used in the research of disease like inflammation, infection, and obesity.

MA-0204 is a highly selective and orally available peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) modulator (EC50s: 0.4 nM, 7.9 nM and 10 nM for human, mouse and rat PPARδ, respectively). It is a potential treatment for Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

AZD-9574 is a selective inhibitor of PARP1 at the sites of SSBs. AZD-9574 exhibits anti-cancer activities and can be used in studies about HRD+ breast cancer and advanced solid malignancies.