neurotoxin

MPTP hydrochloride is a dopamine neurotoxin and the precursor of MPP⁺. It can induce apoptosis and has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. MPTP hydrochloride is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and is commonly used for the construction of Parkinson's disease animal models.

λ-Cyhalothrin (Icon) is a type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide featuring a high-efficiency, broad-spectrum formula with an α-cyano group. It is employed across various applications for controlling a wide array of pests. As a neurotoxin, λ-Cyhalothrin acts on sodium channels in neuron membranes within the central nervous system.

β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine hydrochloride (L-BMAA hydrochloride) is a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria that may contribute to the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurotoxin Inhibitor is an inhibitor of neurotoxin.

DSP-4 hydrochloride (Neurotoxin DSP 4 (hydrochloride)) (Neurotoxin DSP 4 hydrochloride) can be used for the temporary selective degradation of the central and peripheral noradrenergic neurons, mainly those from the locus coeruleus (LC). is a highly selective neurotoxin and readily passes the blood-brain barrier with neurotoxic effects on noradrenergic neurons of adult and developing rats,

ShK toxin TFA (Stichodactyla helianthus neurotoxin TFA) is a neurotoxin that inhibits voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv1.3 channels). This toxin can be isolated from the crude extracts of the Caribbean sea anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus). It competes with Dendrotoxin I and α-dendrotoxin for binding to rat brain synaptosomal membranes, facilitating the release of acetylcholine. ShK toxin TFA suppresses K+ currents in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and also inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation.

Oxidopamine hydrobromide (6-OHDA hydrobromide) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

MPP+ iodide, the metabolite of a neurotoxin MPTP, causes symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) in animal models by selectively destroying dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. MPP+ induces dopamine transporter (DAT) externalization in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, but internalization of serotonin transporter (SERT) in serotonergic (5-HT) neurons. MPP+ induces autophagic cell death in SH-SY5Y cells.

Porphobilinogen act as a phytotoxin, a metabotoxin, and a neurotoxin.

Sabeluzole (R-58735) has antiepileptic and cognitive enhancing effects, inhibits neurotoxin-induced tau expression and cell death.Sabeluzole is protective against chlordiazepoxide-induced habituation disorders and may be useful in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid is an abnormal metabolite, a neurotoxin and a metabolic toxin.

3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid (2-Oxoisovaleric acid) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a keto-acid, which is a subclass of organic acids. Abnormally high levels of organic acids in the blood (organic acidemia), urine (organic aciduria), the brain, and other tissues lead to general metabolic acidosis.

2,4-Difluorobenzaldehyde can act on the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), inhibiting the cleavage of BoNT A light chain, ic50=4.9μM.

Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is a widely used neurotoxin and an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons, promotes COX-2 activation, induces PGE2 synthesis, and stimulates the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. It is commonly used to establish animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid hydrochloride is a compound related to histamine metabolism, which may have neurotoxic effect.

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid, considered a potential neurotoxin, targets the nervous system and may pose significant health risks when absorbed or metabolized within biological systems.

BoNT-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of Botulinum neurotoxin A light chain (BoNTA LC) with an IC50 of 0.9 µM.

Caramboxin, a neurotoxin, can induce acute kidney injury.

NEMERTELLINE is a tetrapyridine neurotoxin isolated from Hoplonemertine marine worms. It may exhibit neurotoxic, anti-predation, and anti-fouling properties. Structurally, this compound resembles the tobacco constituent [nicotelline].

6-Hydroxy-L-DOPA is the 6-hydroxy derivative of the amino acid L-DOPA with neurotoxic properties. Exogenously administered 6-Hydroxy-L-DOPA is biotransformed by an amino acid decarboxylase to the highly potent and catecholamine-selective neurotoxin, 6-Hydroxydopamine.

PPO-allene is a covalent inhibitor of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) light chain with an IC50 of 20.9 μM. In mice, PPO-allene has a half-life of approximately 1.5 hours when administered intravenously at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg.

HPTP is a monoaminergic neurotoxin related to MPTP. It is the dehydration product of haloperidol. The agent is specifically a dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxin. HPTP is a prodrug of HPP+, which mediates its monoaminergic neurotoxicity, HPTP can be utilized for building neurotoxic or immuno-deficient model for research related to neuroscience.

Methiocarb is a carbamate insecticide acting as a reversible AChE or ChE inhibitor, inducing oxidative stress in rats.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) hydrobromide is a neurotoxin that selectively targets and damages serotonergic (5-HT) and noradrenergic (NE) neurons in the brain. As an autofluorescent serotonin derivative, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine hydrobromide binds to high-affinity transporters of these neurons and is selectively uptaken, leading to intracellular metabolism that generates reactive oxygen species. This process results in axon terminal degeneration and depletion of neurochemicals. It is utilized in neuroscience research.