Xanthine

Xanthine amine congener trihydrochloride is a potent adenosine antagonist that reverses the reduction in urine flow, sodium excretion and heart rate produced by the adenosine agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine.

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-5 is an orally active inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) with an IC50 of 55 nM. Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-5 may be used in studies of acute hyperuricemia.

Xanthine amine congener is an Adenosine receptor antagonist.

Xanthine amine congener dihydrochloride (XAC dihydrochloride), a potent antagonist for both Adenosine A1 and A2 receptors with IC50 values of 1.8 nM for A1 and 114 nM for A2, also functions as a convulsant agent in mouse models.

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme involved in purine catabolism and conversion to uric acid, generating reactive oxygen species, used in the study of cardiovascular diseases.

Xanthine Oxidase-IN-11, an analog of XO8, is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO) [1].

Xanthine oxidase-IN-12 (Compound 11), an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), has an IC50 value of 91 nM and exhibits antioxidant properties, also reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1].

Xanthine oxidase-IN-1 is an effective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with an IC50 value of 6.5 nM. It plays a central role in purine catabolism through the degradation of bioactive nucleotides facilitated by nucleic acid and nucleotide intermediates.

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-3 is an orally active xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor with an IC50 of 26.3 nM, suitable for use in acute hyperuricemia studies.

Xanthine oxidoreductase-IN-4 is an orally active xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 29.3 nM, useful for studying hyperuricemia.

Xanthine (Isoxanthine) is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the Xanthine oxidase enzyme. Xanthine is found in most body tissues and fluids in various organisms. Biologically Xanthine is produced from guanine by cypin (guanine deaminase). Furthermore, Xanthines act as antagonists for adenosine receptors, with selectivity depending on whether there are substitution of alkyl groups.

Tigulixostat (LC350189) is a novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) that reduces uric acid production and may be used in studies of gout-related diseases.

Febuxostat (TEI 6720) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Benzbromarone (Desuric) is a CYP2C9 inhibitor with Ki value of 19.3 nM.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Phytic acid (Fytic Acid) is a complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Xanthosine (9-Beta-D-Ribofuranosylxanthine) is a xanthine nucleoside that increases the number of mammary stem cells and milk production in goats and cattle.

Purpurogallin, a naturally occurring phenol extracted from Quercus spp. plants, exhibits potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.2 μM) and also possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

6-Formylpterin (Pterin-6-aldehyde) is an inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidase (Ki ~0.6 nM) with potent neuroprotective effects against transient IRI in gerbils.6-Formylpterin induces intracellular ROS generation in HL-60 cells as well as apoptosis ( 6-Formylpterin inhibits the expression of iNOS, produces hydrogen peroxide intracellularly and restores the impaired bactericidal activity of human neutrophils.

Allopurinol Sodium is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 7.82±0.12 μM.

Compound BDEO (URAT1&XO inhibitor 2) serves as a dual-action inhibitor targeting both xanthine oxidase (XO) and URAT1, demonstrating an IC50 value of 3.3 μM for XO inhibition. It effectively impedes uric acid uptake in HEK293 cells with URAT1 expression, evidenced by a Ki of 0.145 μM. In hyperuricemic mice models, the compound has been shown to reduce serum urate levels and uric acid excretion, indicating potential utility for hyperuricemia research [1].

Compound 5f (Antioxidant agent-13) is an antioxidant that demonstrates inhibition of DPPH and FRAP with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 80.33 µM and 85.69 µM, respectively. Additionally, it inhibits the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) with IC50s of 16.85 µM and 23.01 µM, respectively [1].

Nequinate is an anticoccidial agent, preventing coccidiosis .