proton pump

Bafilomycin A1 belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics and is a V-ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.44 nM) that is specific and reversible. Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of the late phase of autophagy, blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Bafilomycin A1 also induces apoptosis.

Abscisic Acid (Dormin) is a plant hormone, which is involved in many plant developmental processes, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism, and inhibits germination and seedling growth.

Diphyllin could be characterized as a new V-ATPase inhibitor in treating gastric cancer and inhibiting the phosphorylation of LRP6 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Chebulinic acid is a potent inhibitor of M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase. It also can inhibit SMAD-3 phosphorylation and H+ K+-ATPase activity.

Concanamycin A (Folimycin), a polycyclic lactone antibiotic, is a selective inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and lysosomal acidification, and can be used to study inflammation.Concanamycin A enhances the immune clearance of infected progenitor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and inhibits Nef et al. from different branches of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus. Concanamycin A enhances immune clearance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from infected progenitor cells, inhibits the Nef allele from different branches of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus, and can be used to study HIV infection.

Manzamine A is a GSK-3 inhibitor and vacuolar ATPase uncoupler found in marine sponges. It inhibits autophagy and tumor growth in cancer models, suppresses foam cell formation in macrophages, prevents growth of gram negative and gram positive bacteria, an

Manzamine A hydrochloride is an orally active beta-carboline alkaloid that exhibits specific inhibitory effects on GSK-3β (IC50 = 10.2 μM) and CDK-5 (IC50 = 1.5 μM). Additionally, it targets vacuolar ATPases, leading to the inhibition of autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. Manzamine A hydrochloride possesses antimalarial and anticancer properties, and also demonstrates potent activity against HSV-1[4].

Concanamycin E is an inhibitor of lysosomal acidification with an IC50 value of 0.085 nM.

Concanamycin D is an inhibitor of lysosomal acidification with an IC50 value of 0.085 nM.

The compound cis-3-Indoleacrylic acid acts as a nematicidal agent and can be isolated from Streptomyces youssoufiensis YMF3.862. It functions as a V-ATPase inhibitor, reducing both the expression and enzymatic activity of V-ATPase. Additionally, cis-3-Indoleacrylic acid causes swelling in Meloidogyne incognita larvae and notable cracking on the cuticle surface [LC50: 16.31 μg/mL]. It also inhibits the accumulation of H+ within nematodes.

Bafilomycin B1, a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces sp, acts as an inhibitor of K+-dependent ATPase of E. coli. It also inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and fungi.

Pellitorine (Pellitorin) is an extract of Tetradium daniellii, and acts as a TRPV1 antagonist.

β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate (ABA-GE) is a hydrolyzable conjugate of abscisic acid (ABA) that predominantly accumulates in the vacuole and likely in the endoplasmic reticulum. The deconjugation of β-D-Glucopyranosyl abscisate enables a swift release of free ABA in response to abiotic stress factors such as dehydration and salt stress, playing a crucial role in maintaining ABA homeostasis.

Apicularen B, a V-ATPase inhibitor and cytotoxic macrolide derived from the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra, can be utilized in studies of V-ATPase-related diseases such as osteopetrosis [1] [2].