retinal

Nitrofen is a selective contact herbicide that acts as an inhibitor of protoporphyrinogen oxidase and retinal dehydrogenase.

CYM5442 is an S1P agonist, targeting to Sphingosine.

WS3, a β cell proliferation inducer, regulates Erb3 binding protein-1 (EBP1) and the IκB kinase pathway.

All-trans-retinal (Vitamin A aldehyde) is a one of the major vitamin A metabolites in the retina. All-trans-RAL is regenerated to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal in physiological conditions.

11-cis Retinal is a chromophore that binds to opsin in the mammalian visual system as an inverse agonist forming the inactive conformation of rhodopsin. When 11-cis retinal absorbs a photon of light, it isomerizes to form all-trans retinal beginning the phototransduction cycle, which is the basis for mammalian vision. A G121L mutation in opsin allows 11-cis retinal to bind as a partial agonist and activate rhodopsin in the absence of light. In a moth model of carotenoid deficiency-induced low visual sensitivity, 11-cis retinal application to compound eyes restored visual sensitivity almost completely.

9-cis-Retinal is a retinoid with Kd of 8 nM and 5 nM for cellular retinol binding protein-I (CRBP-1) and CRBP-II, respectively. 9-cis-Retinal accelerates the differentiation and maturation of rod photoreceptors in retinal organoids, reduces the toxicity of unliganded opsins, and can be used to study congenital stationary night blindness caused by G90D rhodopsin.

3-Diazirinophenylretinal is a bioactive chemical.

Retinaloxime is a retinoid.

Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is a fluorescent chromophore isolated from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium, a lipophilic cation and weak photosensitizer with cytotoxicity. A2E promotes apoptosis under blue light exposure and induces autophagy under photoactivation, damaging membrane integrity in a concentration-dependent manner.

Soraprazan (BYK61359) is a selective potassium channel inhibitor that inhibits gastric acid secretion and ameliorates age-related eye disease by removing lipofuscin from retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.

INCA-6 (Triptycene-1,4-quinone) is a cell-permeable NFAT inhibitor that disrupts CN-NFAT signaling by targeting the NFAT(P) substrate at the calcineurin (CN) phosphatase site.

Mopidamol (RA 233) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a dipyridamole derivative, with anticancer activity that prevents retinal vascular defects in experimental diabetes.

Retinyl acetate (Vitamin A acetate) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that contains retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and several provitamins A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.

Monomethyl fumarate is a potent agonist of GPR109A .

Sulbutiamine (Bisibuthiamine) is an antioxidant that act by inhibiting oxidative stress induced retinal ganglion cell death.

Apigenin-7-diglucuronide, a flavonoid glycoside found in various medicinal plants, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It protects retinas from bright light-induced photoreceptor degeneration by inhibiting retinal oxidative stress and inflammation.

ATWLPPR Peptide TFA is a selective neuropilin-1 inhibitor and inhibits VEGF165 binding to NRP-1. It has the potential in reducing the early retinal damage caused by diabetes.

Y-33075 (Y-39983 free base) is a ROCK inhibitor that lowers intraocular pressure (IOP), increases blood flow to the optic nerve head (ONH), and increases the number of RGCs (retinal ganglion cells) in the body with regenerating axons.

9-cis-β-Carotene, a precursor of retinal, is cleaved by beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) to produce 9-cis-retinal, which inhibits photoreceptor degeneration and restores retinal function in vivo.

BI8622 is a ubiquitin ligase HUWE1-specific antagonist that restores the level of RP2 mutants in retinal cell lines and inhibits the activation of NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammatory vesicles in cells.

BPU17 interacts with PHB1 and disrupts the PHB1-PHB2 interaction, causing slight mitochondrial dysfunction. This damage hinders transcription dependent on SRF CArG-box, thereby inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs). BPU17 has demonstrated anti-fibrotic activity in vivo. It holds potential as a research agent for anti-angiogenic age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

TGase2-IN-1 (Compound 22) is an orally effective TGase2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.12 µM. It inhibits TGase2 in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells with a strikingly lower IC50 of 0.07 µM. The oral bioavailability of TGase2-IN-1 is 74.6%. Additionally, it can suppress retinal vascular leakage in a mouse model of diabetes induced by Streptozotocin.

PARP1-IN-33 (Example 6) is a PARP1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.41 nM. It demonstrates protective effects on retinal cells, exhibiting an EC50 of 0.02 nM in inhibiting hydrogen peroxide-induced MTS activity in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

BNN27 is an agonist of the TrkA receptor (TrkAreceptor) and the p75NTR receptor (p75NTR receptor), exhibiting neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic properties. It enhances levels of glutamate, GABA, and glutamine in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats, improving glutamate turnover. In a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), BNN27 demonstrates neuroprotective effects, shows anti-inflammatory properties in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, and exhibits retinal protection in a rat diabetes model. BNN27 also possesses blood-brain barrier permeability.