Photosensitizer

Verteporfin (BPD-MA) is a YAP inhibitor that inhibits YAP-TEAD interactions. Verteporfin is also a photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy. Verteporfin also induces apoptosis and inhibits autophagy.

Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is a fluorescent chromophore isolated from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium, a lipophilic cation and weak photosensitizer with cytotoxicity. A2E promotes apoptosis under blue light exposure and induces autophagy under photoactivation, damaging membrane integrity in a concentration-dependent manner.

Pheophorbide A is a photosensitizer used in in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT).Phoophorbide A is a lymphatic vasoreactivator with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and hypoglycemic activities.Phoophorbide A is used in research on diabetes and cancer.

Photosensitizer-3, a photosensitizer that generates single-linear oxygen upon near-infrared light excitation in combination with FAP, exhibited potent and selective killing of transfected HEK cells and affibody-targeted A431 cancer cells.

Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether is a porphyrin photosensitizer that can be used in studies of port wine stains.

Chlorin E6 (CE6) is a second-generation photosensitizer with antitumor activity when used in combination with irradiation. In a mouse model of implanted fibrosarcoma, Chlorin E6 (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.v., 50-200 J/cm2 irradiation) resulted in complete tumor disappearance after varying degrees of irradiation. Agents including Chlorin E6 were tested in a Phase I clinical study in patients with early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of bronchial origin with favorable results (40 mg/m2, IV, 100 J/cm2 laser irradiation). In a Phase II clinical trial in patients with early stage lung cancer, the same mode of administration resulted in a complete response in 82.9% of patients. Chlorin E6 has been investigated as a nanotechnology drug delivery tool.

Pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) shows promise as a photosensitizer in tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Purpurin 18 is an interesting dihydroporphyrin for generating photosensitizers. It has antioxidant activity

PPA-904 FA is a cationic photosensitizer with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity for use in photodynamic studies (PDT) studies, which can be used to study chronic leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers.

PPA-904, a specific phenothiazine photosensitizer, is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Bithionol (Actamer), formerly marketed as an active ingredient in various topical drug products, was shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders. Approvals of the NDA's for bithionol drug products were withdrawn on October 24, 1967.

Methyl pyropheophorbide-a (MPPa) is a chlorine photosensitizer and a derivative of chlorophyll a. It is photodynamically active, induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth, and can be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer.

Methylene Violet 3RAX is a cationic dye, a potential photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, with antitumor activity that alters the molecular structure of DNA, disrupts the modules of DNA, and induces the production of reactive monoclinic oxygen species, which are used to stain the mitochondria of cells.Methylene Violet 3RAX inhibits the subcellular localization of cancer cells by severing the Methylene Violet 3RAX inhibits subcellular localization of cancer cells, leading to cell death by cutting DNA strands in tumor cells.

Octocrylene (Octocrilene) is used as an ingredient in sunscreens and cosmetics. This organic compound can penetrate into the skin where it acts as a photosensitizer. This results in an increased production of free radicals under illumination.

Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (Phthalocyanine Chloroaluminum) is an intensely blue-green-colored aromatic macrocyclic compound that is widely used in dyeing. Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride is a powerful photosensitizer and is useful in PDT.

HPPH (Photochlor) (Photochlor) is a second-generation photosensitizer. It is used as photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent.

3-methoxy-9H-carbazole is a photosensitizer, a natural compound from Klauseneria heptaphylla and Klauseneria indica.3-methoxy-9H-carbazole has anti-breast cancer activity and induces apoptosis.

4-N-Nonyloxyphenol (4-nonoxyphenol), a heterogeneous photosensitizer based on kaolinite nanotubes, is a widely used pesticide and endocrine disruptor for the photodegradation of phenol-based pesticides.

MFCD01917484 (ETHYL 2-AMINO-4-(4-METHOXYPHENYL)-3-THIOPHENECARBOXYLATE) is a derivative of thiophene that possesses a variety of properties, including the ability to act as a ligand, catalyst and photosensitizer. It has been used as a model compound for biochemical and physiological studies as well as drug discovery and development.

GPLGIAGQ acetate is a MMP2-cleavable polypeptide. GPLGIAGQ acetate can be used as a stimulus-sensitive linker in both liposomal and micellar nanocarriers to synthesis unique MMP2-targeted photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy.

Elsinochrome A is a natural perylenequinone photosensitizer with antifungal activity, inducing apoptosis and autophagy through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation upon photoactivation, involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Br-DAPI is a water-soluble, DNA-binding photosensitizer with antimicrobial activity and selective photocytotoxicity to bacterial and mammalian cells, and is used in the study of bacterial infections.

NFh-NMe-2 is a photosensitizer that interacts with nitroreductase (nitroreductase) to generate singlet oxygen in tumor cells, exhibiting cytotoxicity in cancer cells and inducing apoptosis (apoptosis). In mouse models, NFh-NMe-2 demonstrates antitumor activity.

Protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester is the dimethyl ester of Protoporphyrin IX, which can serve as a photosensitiser in poorly differentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and is used for synthesising chlorine-based photosensitisers and Zn(II) ion sensors.