Virus Protease

Phenytoin sodium (Diphantoine) is an inactive stabilizer for voltage-gated sodium channel .

Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate is an anionic surfactant having anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities.

4-Phenylbutyric acid (Benzenebutyric acid) is an inhibitor of HDAC,and is an antineoplastic agent.

Aloperine exhibits anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-tumor properties.

Bergenin (Bengenin) is a polyphenol, which is an effective antinarcotic agent with antioxidant action.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) is one of the catechin isomers and a potent antioxidant that can modulate a wide range of membrane proteins. Its bilayer-modifying potency was tested using gramicidin A (gA) channels as probes. All the catechins alter gA channel function and modify bilayer properties, with a 500-fold range in potency. The gallate group causes current block, as evident by brief downward current transitions.

2-Phenylethanol (Phenylethanol) is an antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant. It is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.

Danthron (Antrapurol) is a natural product, regulates glucose, and lipid metabolism by activating AMPK.

EIDD-1931 (Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine) is a ribonucleoside analog with antiviral activity.It inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in Vero 76 cells, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Calu-3 2B4 cells, and SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (IC50s =0.1, 0.15 and 0.3 μM, respectively)

Denv-in-5 is an effective and selective dengue virus (DENV) inhibitor with EC50 values of 1.47, 9.23, 7.08, 8.91 μM for denV-I-IV and 0.1512 μM for HIV-1IIIB.

Flaviviruses-IN-2 is a potent flaviviruses inhibitor. Flaviviruses-IN-2 reduces West Nile virus (WNV) protease activity and inhibits WNV by 56%.

Novobiocin is an orally active and potent antibiotic.Novobiocin is a DNA gyrase inhibitor and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) antagonist with inhibitory effects on gyrase and Hsp90. Novobiocin has anti-positive activity and can be used to study highly resistant pneumococcal infections.

Cephaeline hydrochloride, a phenolic alkaloid found in Indian Ipecac, effectively inhibits the infection of viruses ZIKV and EBOV.

(+)-JNJ-A07 is a pan-serotypic dengue virus inhibitor that targets NS3-NS4B interaction with high potency. (+)-JNJ-A07 has antiviral activity and can be used to study dengue virus infections.

LabMol-319 is a potent Zika virus (ZIKV) NS5 RdRp inhibitor with antiviral activity for the study of ZIKV virus.

ZINC03129319 is an inhibitor of dengue virus (DENV) NS2B-NS3 protease.

QL-X-138 is a potent and selective BTK and MNK dual kinase inhibitor that binds covalently to BTK and non-covalently to MNK.The IC 50 s of QL-X-138 against BTK, MNK1 and MNK2 kinases are 9.4 nM, 107.4 nM and 26 nM, respectively.The IC 50 s of QL-X-138 against Dengue 2 is 3.5 μM.QL-X-138 is used in the study of B-cell malignancies. QL-X-138 inhibits dengue virus 2 with an IC 50 of 3.5 μM. QL-X-138 can be used in the study of B-cell malignant tumors.

Lycorine hydrochloride (Narcissine hydrochloride) is VE-cadherin inhibitor,and has IC50 of 1.2μM in Hey1B cell.It is an HCV inhibitor with strong activity.

Lanatoside C (Ceglunate) is a cardiac glycoside, a type of drug that can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). Lanatoside C can be used orally or by the intravenous route.

Angelicin (Isopsoralen), is a furanocoumarin with anti-Y, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activity.

Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (8-Gingerol) , a major polyphenol found in black tea, is an inducer of oxidative stress which has anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive actions, it reduces tumor angiogenesis by downregulating HIF-1αand VEGF.

Norwogonin (5,7,8-Trihydroxyflavone), isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possesses antiviral activity against Enterovirus 71 (IC50: 31.83 μg ml).

Dynasore (Dynamin Inhibitor I), a cell-permeable chemical, can reversibly and non-competitivity inhibit GTPase activity of dynamin 1/2 (IC50: 15 μM in a cell-free assay). It also inhibits the mitochondrial dynamin Drp1, with no effect against other small GTPase.

Ebselen (CCG-39161) is a organoselenium compound with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cytoprotective activity. Ebselen acts as a glutathione peroxidase mimetic and is thereby able to prevent cellular damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, this agent inhibits the activity of a variety of enzymes including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), 5-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, protein kinase C (PKC), NADPH oxidase and gastric H+/K+-ATPase. Furthermore, ebselen may be neuroprotective due to its ability to neutralize free radicals upon NMDA receptor activation thus, reducing lipoperoxidation mediated by glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.

LY2334737 is an orally available prodrug of gemcitabine with antineoplastic activity.

Carmofur (HCFU) is a highly potent acid ceramidase inhibitor, used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer. Carmofur has been known to induce leukoencephalopathy.

Vorinostat (SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (IC50=10 nM) with inhibitory activity against HDAC1/2/3/6/7/11. Vorinostat has antitumor activity, induces cell differentiation, blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis.

ESI-09 is a new-typel noncyclic nucleotide EPAC antagonist.The IC50 values of ESI-09 for EPAC1 and EPAC2 is 3.2 and 1.4 μM, respectively.

1. Oroxylin A (Baicalein 6-methyl ether) has various anti-tumor effects including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, drug-resistant reversion. 2. Oroxylin A possesses abilities of inhibiting the ATRA-induced IL-6 production via modulation of LAP/LIP/CHOP in leukemia cell lines, which could providing a therapeutic strategy for RAS. 3. Oroxylin A inhibits UCP2s triggers the MPTP opening, and promotes the apoptosis in CaCo-2 cells; uncoupling protein 2 plays a key role in mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. 4. Oroxylin A inhibits N1ICD translocating to the nucleus and binding to epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related transcription factor Snail, thus suppressing the invasion and migration of MCF-7 cells. 5. Oroxylin A improves the sensitivity of K562/ADM cells by increasing apoptosis in leukemic cells and decreasing the expression of CXCR4 and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, and probably served as a most promising agent for CML treatment.

Plerixafor octahydrochloride (JM3100 octahydrochloride) blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1alpha) to the cellular receptor CXCR4, resulting in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) release from bone marrow and HSC movement into the peripheral circulation. Plerixafor is a bicyclam with hematopoietic stem cell-mobilizing activity.

Glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhizin) is a triterpenoid saponinl with anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activities.

Brequinar (NSC-368390) is a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, with potent activities against a broad spectrum of viruses.

Lycorine (Narcissine) inhibits protein synthesis and may inhibit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, although studies on the latter are controversial and inconclusive.

AZ960 is an effective ATP competitive JAK2 inhibitor (IC50/Ki: <3 nM and0.45 nM).

PD 169316 is a potent, cell-permeable and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor.

STING agonist-1 (G10) is a human-specific STING agonist,elicits antiviral activity against emerging Alphaviruses.

Plerixafor (AMD-3329), a chemokine receptor antagonist, blocks the binding of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1alpha) to the cellular receptor CXCR4.

Tubacin is a highly potent and selective, reversible, cell-permeable HDAC6 inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 nM, approximately 350-fold selectivity over HDAC1.

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) is a potent and selective inhibitor of COX with various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation and pain relief. Aspirin is a histone deacetylase inhibitors to up-regulate cell cycle arrest protein p21, which can suppresses ovarian Y cells harboring COX-1. Aspirin also inhibits the expression of COX-2 in HUVEC and neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, and then reduce PG production and the down-regulation of ERK and NF-KB, respectively.

Artesunate (WR-256283) is part of the artemisinin group of drugs that treat malaria. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that is water-soluble and may therefore be given by injection. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Schisandrin A, a primary active component extracted from the traditional Eastern medicine Schisandra chinensis, inhibits CYP3A activity, with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and a Ki of 5.83 μM.

LASV inhibitor 3.3 is an inhibitor of Lassa fever virus (LASV) targeting lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), a host factor that binds to the LASV glycoprotein (GP) during infection.

SID-852843 is a WNV NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.105 μM for WNV NS2B-NS3 protease.SID-852843 can be used for the study of viral infections.

Ibuzatrelvir (PF-07817883) is an antiviral compound designed to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease, and is utilized in the treatment of COVID-19 [1].

Mavrilimumab (CAM 3001) is a monoclonal antibody with antiviral activity that has an affinity for the α subunit of the granulocytic-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor and blocks downstream intracellular signaling of GM-CSF. GM-CSF may be associated with an overactive inflammatory response associated with respiratory failure and death, and could be used to study rheumatoid arthritis.

NS2B-NS3pro-IN-1, a potent Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 protease inhibitor, exhibits an EC50 of 50 μM and is significant in the ZIKV replication cycle [1].

β-Herpesvirus protease-IN-1 (compound 19) serves as an inhibitor of β-herpesvirus protease, exhibiting IC50 values of 2.5 μM for HCMVPro and 0.33 μM for HHV6Pro [1].

4-Hydroxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid ammonium is an impurity found in Policresulen, which serves as a powerful NS2B/NS3 protease inhibitor, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.48 μg/mL. Additionally, Policresulen is an effective suppressor of DENV2 virus replication within BHK-21 cells, demonstrating an IC50 value of 4.99 μg/mL. It functions as a competitive inhibitor of the protease and marginally influences the enzyme's stability [1].

Anthraquinone (Anthradione)s are the main active constituents in herbs often used to relieve constipation.

Compound 11, also known as NS2B-NS3pro-IN-2, functions as an inhibitor of the Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 protease and exhibits antiviral properties at a concentration of 50 μM [1].