secondary

Usnic Acid (Usniacin) is an antimicrobial, antitumor and enzyme inhibiting agent shown to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mouse-liver mitochondria. Usnic acid induces necrosis in certain cells.

Tropine is a secondary metabolite of the Solanaceae family of plants and is an anticholinergic reagent. It is a common intermediate used in the synthesis of various biologically active alkaloids (e.g. hyoscyamine, scopolamine).

Atranorin shows significant antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities, it has a relevant redox-active action, acting as a pro-oxidant or antioxidant agent depending on the radical, also, it will exert cytoprotective effects on cells under oxidative

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) is a naturally occurring secondary bile acid with anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors,

Holomycin (N-Demethylthiolutin) is a secondary metabolite of dithiopyrrolidone. HolomycinHolomycin, an antibiotic secondary metabolite, is required for the biofilm formation of natural photogenic Bacillus galatheae S2753 and is also a broad-spectrum antibiotic. holomycin promotes biofilm formation of S2753 through its alene-disthionyl group. Holomycin has antitumor activity and is involved in RNA synthesis.

Betaine chloride (Betaine hydrochloride) is an acidic form of betaine, a vitamin-like substance observed in grains and other foods; gains the amplification of DNA by decreasing the formation of secondary structure in GC-rich regions.

3,4-Dimethoxybenzyl alcohol is a secondary metabolite of lignin-degrading fungi and is commonly used as a non-phenolic substrate to measure ligninolytic activity.Veratryl alcohol protects lignin peroxidase (LiP) from inactivation by H2O2 and prevents accumulation of LiP III compounds[3].

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a potent inhibitor of liver-specific fatty acid transporter 5 (FATP5). Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits cholesterol absorption and is used to dissolve gallstones.

Benzyl benzoate (Benzoic acid benzyl ester) is one of the older preparations used for the therapy of scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei. Its symptoms are red spots, severe itching (particularly at night), and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is useful in the therapy of scabies because it is lethal to this mite. It is also used for the therapy of lice affection of the body and head. Benzyl benzoate is not the therapy of choice for scabies because of its irritant properties.

Estradiol (E2) is a naturally occurring steroidal sex hormone that is essential for female fertility and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through estrogen receptor beta (ERβ).

Xylan, the primary hemicellulose component, is found in the secondary cell walls of flowering plants.

Lithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) is a toxic secondary bile acid, They were FXR antagonists (IC50=0.7, 1.4 μM), EphA2 antagonists (IC50=48, 66 μM) and EphB4 antagonists (IC50=141 μM). Lithocholic acid can promote intrahepatic cholestasis and promote tumorigenesis. Lithocholic acid is a cleanser that dissolves fat for absorption and is itself absorbed.

2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethan-1-ol (3-(2-Hydroxyethyl)indole) is a metabolite formed in the liver after disulfiram treatment that induces sleep in humans. It is also a secondary product of alcoholic fermentation.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

The mechanism by which Glycodeoxycholate Sodium induces apoptosis in hepatocytes is related to DNA cleavage by endonucleases. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes present in the microflora of the colonic environment.

Ammonium formate (Formic acid ammonium salt) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Formate is an intermediate in normal metabolism. It is responsible for both metabolic acidosis and disrupting mitochondrial electron transport and energy production by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase activity, the terminal electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. Cell death from cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formate is believed to result partly from depletion of ATP, reducing energy concentrations so that essential cell functions cannot be maintained. Furthermore, inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by formate may also cause cell death by increased production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) secondary to the blockade of the electron transport chain.

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, a secondary metabolite derived from salicylic acid, undergoes hydrolyzation by liver enzymes as part of phase I metabolism.

Grape Seed Extract (Grape Seed P.E.) is exudate from seeds of the grape plant Vitis vinifera, composed of oils and secondary plant metabolites (BIOFLAVONOIDS and polyphenols) credited with important medicinal properties.

Citronellal ((±)-Citronellal) is a monoterpene predominantly formed by the secondary metabolism of plants, producing antithrombotic, antiplatelet, and antihypertensive activities.

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms.

6-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (6-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2H-Chromen-2-One) is a secondary metabolite of coumarin, which has anticancer effects.

2-Keto-D-Glucose (D-Glucosone) is a key intermediate in a secondary metabolic pathway leading to the antibiotic Cortalcerone, and is found in various natural sources, including fungi, algae, and shellfish.

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite (SM) made by A. flavus. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA)nanomolar inhibitor and a potent inducer of cell death in plants.

Decoyinine (Decynylene), a selective inhibitor of GMP synthase, is a novel potential microbial insecticide, a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.Decoyinine induces resistance in rice to the small brown ladybug Laodelphax striatellus.