staphylococcus

α-Hemolysin (Staphylococcus aureus), a polypeptide virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus, disrupts host cell plasma membranes. Upon binding to the cell surface, its monomers create a homoheptamic prepore, which evolves into a mature transmembrane pore, facilitating K+ and Ca2+ ion transport that induces necrotic death in target cells [1].

Cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp is a broad-spectrum antifungal. It also induces a high degree of acetylation of histones.

Lysobactin, also known as katanosin B, is an effective antibiotic with in vivo efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. It was previously shown to inhibit peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis.

Actinomycin X2 (Actinomycin V) is a compound synthesized by various species of Streptomyces. It displays potent inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 μg mL. Actinomycin X2 possesses potential applications in the treatment of both cancer and bacterial infections.

Human β-defensin-2 (HβD-2) is a cationic skin-antimicrobial peptide (SAP) characterized by its small size and rich cysteine content. Produced by various epithelial cells, it exhibits potent antimicrobial properties against gram-negative bacteria and Candida but is not effective against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Given these characteristics, Human β-defensin-2 serves as a valuable tool in colitis research.

Micronomicin sulfate (Gentamicin C2b sulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with antimicrobial activity that inhibits neuraminidase N1 of influenza A virus.

Beta-defensin 1, pig, is an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs. It exhibits activity against a variety of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

Beta-defensin 1, pig TFA, an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs, exhibits activity against a diverse range of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

PSM-β, an active peptide isolated from Staphylococcus epidermidis, acts as an analog of staphylococcal toxins and is also known as a phenol-soluble modulin (PSM). PSM-β exhibits bacteriostatic properties and possesses minimal hemolytic activity [1] [2].

SYNV-cyclo(CGGYF), a C5 autoinducing peptide from Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis), demonstrates inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) activity. This compound shows promise in research focused on addressing S. aureus-mediated epithelial damage and inflammation [1].

SYNV-cyclo(CGGYF) TFA, a C5 autoinducing peptide derived from Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis), demonstrates inhibition of S. aureus activity, holding potential for research into S. aureus-mediated epithelial damage and inflammation [1].

Defensin HNP-3 human, a cytotoxic antibiotic peptide referred to as defensin, exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. This compound is first synthesized as a 94 amino acid chain known as preproHNP(1-94), then cleaved to proHNP(20-94), and finally matures into HNP(65-94) following the excision of anionic precursors [1] [2].

Lugdunin is an antibiotic peptide that disrupts membrane potential in bacteria, demonstrating activity against Gram-positive species including S. aureus, and effectively reducing skin and nasal colonization of this pathogen. Moreover, Lugdunin stimulates the production of LL-37 and CXCL8 MIP-2 in human keratinocytes and mouse skin [1].

Enterocin Hybrid 1, an antibacterial agent, effectively inhibits Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus haemolyticus [1].

Garvicin KS (GarKS) is a bacteriocin comprising a 34-amino-acid peptide, GakB, along with two additional peptides, GakA and GakC. GakB specifically impairs fibroblast viability and proliferation. When combined with GakA, GarKS demonstrates enhanced peptide stability, antimicrobial activity, and notable impacts on fibroblast viability and proliferation. Regarding methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values rank the peptides in descending order of effectiveness as GakB, followed by GakC, and then GakA [1].

BMAP-18 is a biologically active peptide, a truncated derivative of BMAP-27, which is part of the Cathelicidin family of peptides known for their potent bactericidal properties against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. Unlike the full-length BMAP-27, which can be cytotoxic to human erythrocytes and neutrophils at concentrations higher than required for its antimicrobial effect, BMAP-18 offers increased cell selectivity due to its reduced hemolytic activity while maintaining effective antimicrobial function.

Elafin, also referred to as elafin-specific inhibitor (ESI) or skin anti-leucoprotease (SKALP), is a protein that serves as a low molecular weight inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and proteinase 3, particularly in the lung. Additionally, Elafin exhibits antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus [1] [2] [3].

Lynronne-3, an antimicrobial peptide, demonstrates activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32-128 μg mL for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Additionally, Lynronne-3 is efficacious in combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections [1].

Aurein 2.2, a principal constituent of L.aurea skin secretions, exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis [1] [2].

Combi-2 is an antimicrobial peptide effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Escherichia coli [1].

K4 peptide exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus and Marine Vibrio species [1].

Bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 12, an antimicrobial peptide originating from bovine neutrophils, exhibits antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [1].

DFTamP1 is an antimicrobial peptide that exhibits activity against Staphylococcus aureus USA300, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.1 μM [1].

Im5, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10 μM for E. coli, 2.5-5 μM for S. aureus, and 0.5-1 μM for B. subtilis, as well as hemolytic activity with an effective concentration (EC50) of 28 μM [1].