degeneration

Kinsenoside ((+)-Kinsenoside) shows significant antihepatotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Kinsenoside could be useful for repairing beta cells in pancreatic islet injury as well as improving its function, it could promote the glucose tolerance of acute glucose increase in both diabetic and normal healthy rats. Kinsenoside inhibits osteoclastogenesis from macrophages by attenuating RANKL-induced NF-κB and NFATc1 activities, which in turn, prevents bone loss from OVX mice.

Amygdalin (Laetrile) has antifibrotic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, amygdalin joint HSYA could inhibit the degeneration of the endplate chondrocytes derived from intervertebral discs of rats induced by IL-1beta and better than the single use of Amygdalin or HSYA. Amygdalin induces apoptotic cell death in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells by caspase-3 activation through down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax.

1. Lutein (Xantofyl) has antitumour action. 2. Lutein has antimutagenic action. 3. Lutein has a wide range of antimicrobial action. 4. Lutein is potentially useful for treating macular degeneration.

Apigenin-7-diglucuronide, a flavonoid glycoside found in various medicinal plants, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It protects retinas from bright light-induced photoreceptor degeneration by inhibiting retinal oxidative stress and inflammation.

1. Acetylcorynoline (O-Acetylcorynoline) has antifungal,anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Acetylcorynoline may be one of the potent immunosuppressive agents through the blockage of dendritic cells maturation and function. 3. Acetylcorynoline is potential as a possible antiparkinsonian drug. (1) Significantly decreases dopaminergic neuron degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in BZ555 strain; (2) Prevents α-synuclein aggregation; (3) Restores food-sensing behavior, and dopamine levels; (4) Prolongs life-span in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated N2 strain. 4. Acetylcorynoline may exert its effects by decreasing egl-1 expression to suppress apoptosis pathways and by increasing rpn5 expression to enhance the activity of proteasomes.

Myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, a quercetin derivative and plant flavonoid, exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiurease properties. It inhibits A2E photooxidation-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death and offers protection against retinal degeneration as well as blue light (BL)-induced damage in RPE cells and mouse models [1].

Norbixin, a carotenoid found in B. orellana, exhibits various biological activities including binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) with a Ki of 1.15 µM in a cell-free assay. At a dosage of 47.7 mg/kg, norbixin effectively alleviates hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, in addition to reducing serum lipid levels, cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and glutathione (GSH) in rat cardio-metabolic syndrome models. It also lowers serum levels of oxidized LDL, aortic protein oxidation, and the atherosclerotic area in a rabbit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis model. Furthermore, norbixin, administered at 0.1 and 1 mg/kg per day, minimizes mercury-induced DNA damage in rat hepatocytes and leukocytes and prevents photoreceptor degeneration in an Abca4-/- Rdh8-/- mouse model of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Dihydroergotoxine mesylate (Ergoloid mesylates) is mainly used to improve symptoms and physical symptoms of mental degeneration related to aging.

Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina (particularly the macula) and has antioxidant activity that may improve obesity, prevent age-related macular degeneration, and protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Lutein (Standard) is the standard substance of Lutein, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. 1. Lutein (Xantofyl) has antitumour action. 2. Lutein has antimutagenic action. 3. Lutein has a wide range of antimicrobial action. 4. Lutein is potentially useful for treating macular degeneration.

Zeaxanthin (Standard) is the standard substance of Zeaxanthin, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina (particularly the macula) and has antioxidant activity that may improve obesity, prevent age-related macular degeneration, and protect against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

4-Amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine (4-AHP) is a photodegradation product of eumelanin. It can be utilized in research focused on the formation of cutaneous melanoma and age-related macular degeneration.

Karacolinem is a natural product, reduces degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Aflatrem is a tremorgenic mycotoxin with acute neurotoxic effects, a single low dose of aflatrem is able to induce degeneration of neuronal processes in hippocampal neurotransmitter systems. Aflatrem potentiates the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate (Physalien) is a lutein carotenoid found in fruits with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anti-oxidative stress activity that attenuates ethanol-induced liver injury.Zeaxanthin dipalmitate restores mitochondrial autophagy, a function that has been inhibited by ethanol intoxication. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate protects degenerated photoreceptors in the retina of mice and improves visual acuity in a mouse model of photoreceptor degeneration, and may be used in studies of alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).