Paeoniflorin (Peoniflorin) is a herbal constituent extracted from the root of Paeonia albiflora Pall.

Venuloside A (ESK246) is a monosaccharide glycoside natural product derived from Pittosporum venulosum. Venuloside A is a selective LAT3 inhibitor that blocks LAT3-mediated leucine transport, with an IC₅₀ of 8.12 μM. Venuloside A can be used in prostate cancer research.

Micheliolide(MCL) is a sesquiterpene lactone which inhibits various inflammatory response.

Rosiridin (6'-O-Deacetylrosiridoside C) has cardioprotective activity.

β-Phellandrene (p-mentha-1(7),2-diene) is found in allspice. beta-Phellandrene is widely distributed in essential oils

Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton oil and several other natural products. It functions as a plant metabolite.

α-Thujone is an inhibitor of ACh with an IC50 value of 24.7μM.

1. Albiflorin (Alibiflorin) has anticonvulsant effect for pain relief. 2. Albiflorin and paeoniflorin has neuroprotective action against Glu toxicity. 3. Albiflorin and paeoniflorin significantly ameliorated Glu-induced reduction of cell viability, nuclear and mitochondrial apoptotic alteration, reactive oxygen species accumulation and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bax ratio. 4. Albiflorin can serve as a new chemical marker for the quality control of Paeoniae Radix and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia can be updated, via has similar anti-inflammatory effects to paeoniflorin.

geraniol provides a potent protective effect against cardiac dysfunction induced by diabetes. This ameliorative effect could be attributed to its suppression of oxidative stress.

(+)-BORNEOL (d-Borneol) is a natural bicyclic monoterpene used for analgesia and anesthesia in traditional Chinese medicine; enhances GABA receptor activity with an EC50 of 248 μM.

L-Citronellol ((S)-(-)-beta-Citronellol) is a small molecule compound isolated from geranium with antifungal activity, affecting fungal membranes.L-Citronellol acts synergistically with amphotericin B against Candida yeast.

Myrcene is a terpene that has been found in Cannabis and has antioxidative properties.

1. Linalool (Linalol), a natural compound of the essential oils, has been shown to have antinociceptive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. 2. Linalool was protected against LPS/GalN-induced liver injury through induction of antioxidant defense via Nrf2 activating and reduction inflammatory response via NF-κB inhibition. 3. Linalool biosynthesis and accumulation might be involved in plant defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens and be associated with field resistance to citrus canker. 4. Linalool significantly increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf-2 and diminished lung tissue levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.

Citronellol ((±)-β-Citronellol) is used in insect repellents and perfumes and as a mite attractant.

Menthone has anti-inflammary activity,, it can suppress the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha),as well as nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kB).

1. Benzoylpaeoniflorin is active against cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes.

(-)-Menthol (Levomenthol) is a levo isomer of menthol, an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or mint oils with flavoring and local anesthetic properties. When added to pharmaceuticals and foods, menthol functions as a fortifier for peppermint flavors. It also has a counterirritant effect on skin and mucous membranes, thereby producing a local analgesic or anesthetic effect.

Benzoylalbiflorin (Paeonivayin) is a monoterpenoid isolated from Radix Paeoniae Alba.

Sabinene is a natural product that has antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties

Limonene (Dipentene) is a monoterpene found in citrus plants such as lemon, orange, and grape, widely used in cosmetics and household products as a fragrance, with antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

(-)-Fenchone is a bicyclic monoterpenoid widely distributed in plants and can be extracted from Foeniculum vulgare and Peumus boldus. (-)-Fenchone has a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, wound healing, antidiarrheal, antifungal, anti-injury sensory and bronchodilator activities. (-)-Fenchone is a potential anti-tumor compound.

Perillyl Alcohol is a naturally occurring monoterpene related to limonene with antineoplastic activity. Perillyl alcohol (Isocarveol) inhibits farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase, thereby preventing post-translational protein farnesylation and isoprenylation and activation of oncoproteins such as p21-ras, and arresting tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

Terpineol possesses antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, it also exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. α-Terpineol (Terpineol) shows anticonvulsant, and anti-inflammatory activities, it inhibits the gene expression of the IL-6 receptor.

γ-Terpinene (p-Mentha-1,4-diene) is a monoterpene compound with high antioxidant properties suitable for oral consumption. It displays direct radical scavenging abilities and is known to be a potent antinociceptive agent.