atrophy

Pivanex (Pivalyloxymethyl butyrate) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor and an antimetastatic and antiangiogenic agent. Pivanex downregulates the Bcr-Abl protein and enhances apoptosis.

Promestriene (3-propyl ethyl) (INN) is a synthetic estrogen and glucocorticoid used topically in a 1% cream formulation. It is described as a tropic agent and antiseborrheic.

Branaplam (LMI 070) is a highly potent, selective and orally active small molecule SMN2 splicing modulator.

MYLS22 is a first-in-class and selective inhibitor of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) . MYLS22 can target endothelial OPA1 to curtail tumor growth and inhibits angiogenesis by impinging on NFkB activity and on angiogenic gene expression. It with anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer activity.

Sabinene is a natural product that has antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties

Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and apoptosis-inducing activities. It inhibits the production of inflammatory miRNA-155 exosomes in macrophages, significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine expression in neutrophils and monocytes, suppresses LPS-induced macrophage inflammation, and induces autophagy. It is commonly used to induce animal models of depression, muscle atrophy, and hypertension, and holds potential in COVID-19 research.

Apitegromab (SRK-015) is a new myostatin inhibitor, an antibody targeting myostatin precursor, which can be used to study neuromuscular diseases including spinal muscular atrophy.

Trevogrumab (REGN-1033) is a fully human monoclonal antibody specifically designed to target and inhibit the activity of growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), which is also known as myostatin and functions as a negative regulator of muscle growth;Trevogrumab is currently under extensive research of sarcopenia, a complex condition characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and function often associated with aging, wasting atrophy, various chronic diseases, and significant alterations in dietary and nutritional intake.

SMN-C3 (MV8T2MCK57) is an orally active modulator of SMN2 splicing, and has the potential to treat spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Epristeride (ONO-9302) is an orally active, selective and non-competitive steroidal 5-α-reductase isoform 2 inhibitor that inhibits SR isoform 2.Episteride reduces prostate size and improves symptoms in men with BPH.Episteride induces atrophy and apoptosis of the ventral prostate in rats.

Fispemifene (HM-101) is an estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to treat genitourinary syndromes and vaginal atrophy.

OT-551 HCl is an NF-Κb inhibitor, a disubstituted hydroxylamine with antioxidant properties can be used for the treatment of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration and geographic atrophy (GA).

SMN-C2 is a selective regulator of SMN2 gene splicing, a risdiplam analogue, a selective RNA-binding ligand that regulates pre-mRNA splicing and acts by binding to SMN2 pre-mRNA.SMN-C2 has the potential to be used in the study of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Gadopentetate dimeglumine is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to allow blood vessels, organs and other non-bone tissues to be visualized more clearly.Gadopentetate dimeglumine induces atrophy of spermatogonia.

Amlenetug (Lu AF82422) is a human monoclonal antibody targeting α-synuclein that is in development for multiple system atrophy, demonstrating robust inhibition of α-synuclein seeding induced by diverse fibrillar assemblies in mouse primary neurons and by aggregates derived from MSA brain homogenates, while in vivo studies show that both intracerebral co-injection and peripheral administration effectively suppress α-synuclein seeding and pathological propagation.

Caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside (Linocaffein), a glycosylation product of Caffeic acid, reverses Aβ25-35-induced axonal atrophy and induces axonal regeneration in mouse cortical neurons, and can be used in Alzheimer's disease research.

RG7800 (RO6885247) has the potential for spinal muscular atrophy treatment. RG7800 is an SMN2 splicing modifier.

Perthane is the diethyl derivative of common pesticide DDD. It may cause adrenocortical atrophy in humans,and also prevent the formation of spontaneous mammary carcinoma.

1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran (1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF) is a type of polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF). It promotes the expression of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) genes in H-4-II-E rat hepatoma cells with EC50 values of 1.47 and 1.24 nM, respectively. 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF also reduces rat body weight, causes thymic atrophy, and induces the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) subtype CYP1A1 and 4-chlorobiphenyl hydroxylase genes with EC50 values of 3.2, 0.9, 0.35, and 0.21 µmol/kg.

Androgen receptormodulator 3 is a selective modulator of the androgen receptor, applied in the study of muscle atrophy.

Flumethasone pivalate (Locorten) has antipruritic, anti-inflammatory, and vasoconstrictive properties and can be used in studies about adrenocortical suppression, cutaneous atrophy, plasma transcortin binding, and telangiectasia.

Spns2-IN-3 (compound 510) is an SPNS2 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.2 μM for hSPNS2. It is applicable in research on autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as fibrosis, muscle atrophy, metastasis, acute lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions linked to SPNS2 activity.

MF-DH-300 is a 15-PGDH inhibitor that prevents the binding of 15-PGDH and PGE2, thereby promoting stem cell proliferation, enhancing muscle strength, and improving mitochondrial function. MF-DH-300 increases the expression of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein and is suitable for research on muscle diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

D-156844 (Compound 11a) hydrochloride is an SMN2 promoter activator with an EC50 of 4 nM. It enhances mRNA expression of the mouse SMN in NSC-34 cells and the human SMN2 promoter in fibroblasts from patients with severe type I spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), along with increasing full-length human SMN protein expression. D-156844 hydrochloride can overcome DHFR inhibition and is used in SMA research.