substrates

Uridine-5'-diphosphate disodium salt (UDP disodium salt) is a specific agonist of the P2Y6 receptors (EC50 = 13 nM for human P2Y6), stimulating the production of inflammatory mediators, phagocytosis, and vasoconstriction. Uridine-5'-diphosphate disodium salt also acts as an antagonist of P2Y14.

L-Arginine hydrochloride serve as substrates and nitrogen donors for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to produce nitric oxide (NO). They are transported into vascular smooth muscle cells via cationic amino acid transporters, where they are metabolized into NO, polyamines, or L-proline. As effective vasodilators, they are commonly used to induce experimental acute pancreatitis models.

Methylguanidine (MG) is a guanidine compound deriving from protein catabolism. It is also a product of putrefaction. Methylguanidine is a suspected uraemic toxin that accumulates in renal failure, however it also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Methyl

Butanoic acid is an endogenous human metabolite, an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. The IC50 of HDAC3, HDAC4 and HDAC1 were 2.4 mM, 4.5 mM and 5.3 mM, respectively. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid has the effects of energy metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory, and improvement of insulin resistance.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) hydrate is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that can donate electrons in a reducing reaction, becoming oxidized to produce NAD+. Various enzymes utilize NADH disodium salt hydrate plus H+ to reduce substrates, generating NAD+ and the reduced product.

Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (Methoxatin disodium salt), an aromatic tricyclic o-quinone, is a redox cofactor for bacterial dehydrogenases. It is an efficient electron transfer catalyst from a number of organic substrates to molecular oxygen (O2), constructing quinoprotein model reactions.

1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a ketogenic substance. Ketone bodies are essential energy substrates in the absence of exogenous nutrients, and more recently, they have been suggested to prevent disease and improve longevity.

Katacine inhibits of oxygen consumption and suppresses the speed of electrons transfer from oxidation substrates via respiratory chain of mitochondria to molecular oxygen.Katacine is a mixture of polymers of A-type proanthocyanidins at various stages of p

Orotidine 5'-monophosphate trisodium, a pyrimidine nucleotide, is synthesized through the de novo DNA synthesis pathway by various microorganisms, including M. tuberculosis, S. cerevisiae, S. typhimurium, and P. falciparum. The compound's production involves orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT)-catalyzed reactions using phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and orotic acid (OA) as substrates [1].

α-Galactosidase is an endogenous glycosidase that can break down oligosaccharides and glycolipids containing α-galactoside bonds and can be used in the study of Fabry disease.

1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-Imino-D-Arabinitol Hydrochloride is a naturally occurring, polyhydroxylated pyrrolidine alkaloid that has been isolated and characterized from various plant species, including Arachniodes standishii and Angylocalyx boutiqueanus, 1,4-Dideoxy-1,4-Imino-D-Arabinitol Hydrochloride functions as a potent inhibitor of certain glycosidase enzymes due to its structural mimicry of monosaccharide substrates.

Coniferin (Abietin) has ATP-dependent transport activity and has anti-oxidation effects. Coniferin has preferred substrates for the coniferin beta-glucosidase, the chromogenic coniferin analogue show the exclusive presence of beta-glucosidase activity in the differentiating xylem, similar to peroxidase activity.

Damnacanthal is a natural anthraquinone compound with potential anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-malarial, and antiviral effects.Damnacanthal inhibits a variety of protein kinases such as LIMK1 (IC50=0.8 μM), LIMK2 (IC50=1.5 μM), and Lck (IC50=17 nM), and inhibits the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (SKHep-1) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells.

20-Deoxyingenol 3-angelate and ingenol 20-acetate 3-angelate are known as promoters of tumors of mouse skin. 20-Deoxyingenol 3-angelate can induce significant platelet aggregation accompanied by induction of phosphorylation of PKC substrates in platelets,

Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-one is a lanosterane that can be isolated from the substrates of Ganoderma taiwanensis. It exhibits pro-inflammatory properties, stimulating nitric oxide production, inducing gene expression, and promoting the production of TLRs, cytokines, chemokines, and cellular adhesion molecules.

Wallichinine shows inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation caused by platelet activating factor (PAF). Wallichinine with ABCB1 presents valuable clues for the development of novel MDR reversal reagents from natural products, wallichinine can significa

Polyporusterone A is a triterpene carboxylic acid derived from the substrates of P. umbellatus. It inhibits free radical-induced erythrocyte cleavage (hemolysis) and can be used in studies of hair regeneration and psoriasis.

Stigmatellin is an antibiotic derived from the cell mass of the myxobacterium, effective against yeasts (yeasts), filamentous fungi (filamentous fungi), and several Gram-positive bacteria (Gram-positive bacteria). Additionally, it serves as a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron (photosynthetic electron) transfer. Stigmatellin utilizes various sugars, polysaccharides, and acids from the citric acid cycle as substrates, inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. It has two different inhibitory sites: one located on the reducing side of photosystem II and the other at the cytochrome b6 f complex. Stigmatellin holds potential for use in antimicrobial and photosynthesis research.

Arphamenine B is a Zn2+-dependent exopeptidase that selectively removes arginine and or lysine residues from the NH2 terminus of several peptide substrates. It is an aminopeptidase B inhibitor isolated from bacteria. Arphamenine B enhances immune responses and is utilized for characterizing novel proteases.