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Chlorphenesin (Chlorophenesin) is an antigen-associated immunosuppressant that inhibits IgE-mediated histamine release. It is also used as an antimycotic agent.

D-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric acid disodium (3-Phospho-D-glyceric acid disodium) is an intermediate in glycolysis gluconeogenesis and the biosynthesis of serine, glycine, and threonine, competitively inhibiting yeast enolase. It also functions as an intermediate in biosynthetic pathways in plants, eukaryotes, and prokaryotes.

DL-Threonine, a crucial amino acid compound, plays an integral role in numerous metabolic processes including the synthesis of glycine, the enzymatic conversion of glycogen to glucose, the maintenance of muscle tissue integrity, and the systemic regulation of overall amino acid balance.

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH).

Emodin (Frangula emodin) is an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor with a selective IC50 of 186 and 86 nM against 11β-HSD1 in humans and mice, respectively. Emodin has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Emodin can improve metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese mice.

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6 phosphate) is the active form of vitamin B6 and a coenzyme for many pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. PLP is involved in numerous enzymatic transamination, decarboxylation and deamination reactions; it is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and amino acid metabolites, and for the synthesis and/or catabolism of certain neurotransmitters, including the conversion of glutamate into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and levodopa into dopamine. PLP can be used as a dietary supplement in cases of vitamin B6 deficiency. Reduced levels of PLP in the brain can cause neurological dysfunction.

D-Tagatose (D-(-)-Tagatose), a rare natural hexoketose and isomer of D-galactose, occurs naturally in Sterculia setigera gum and is found in small quantities in various foods such as sterilized and powdered cow's milk, hot cocoa, and various cheeses, yogurts, and other dairy products. It can be synthesized from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium. D-Tagatose has numerous health benefits, including promotion of weight loss, no glycemic effect, anti-plaque, non-cariogenic, anti-halitosis, prebiotic, and anti-biofilm properties; it is beneficial for organ transplants, enhancement of flavor, improvement of pregnancy and fetal development, treatment of obesity, and reduction in symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, anemia, and hemophilia. (PMID: 17492284).

The adamantane moiety is the structural backbone of numerous compounds and the physicochemical and biological properties of organic polyhedral compounds with practical application in the pharmaceutical industry.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is a globular protein employed in various biochemical applications.

Phosphorylcholine chloride, an antigenic component found on the surface of numerous commensal and pathogenic bacteria inhabiting the upper airway, is integral to bacterial cell surfaces.

Heparin sodium is a sulfated polysaccharide, which belongs to the family of glycosaminoglycans. It is utilized as an anticoagulant and interacted with diverse proteins for numerous important biological activities.Heparin sodium salt (Sodium heparinate) significantly inhibits exosome-cell interactions.

L-Lysine hydrochloride, an essential amino acid for humans, offers numerous benefits including the treatment of herpes, reduction of diabetes-related illnesses, enhanced calcium absorption, and improved gut health.

(E)-Pent-2-enal is an unsaturated aldehyde compound widely used in biochemical experiments and drug synthesis research.

Sodium nonanoate is a salt-like compound primarily employed as a surfactant or emulsifier across diverse industrial applications, including detergent, soap, and personal care product manufacturing. Additionally, Sodium nonanoate functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Sodium nonanoate's distinctive chemical properties render it a critical component in multiple industrial processes, particularly in textile and paper product fabrication.

Magainin 1 acetate is an antimicrobial peptide. Magainin 1 acetate exhibits antibiotic activity against numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Bornyl acetate (Isobornyl acetate) has an anti-inflammatory effect. It is the volatile ingredient in some Chinese traditional herbs and numerous conifer oils.

Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin synthesized by Alternaria species, displays numerous therapeutic and biological effects, including phytotoxic, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. It functions by inhibiting the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I and II enzymes.

(±)15-HETE is an eicosanoid compound that possesses intrinsic biological activities and serves as a key enzymatic precursor for the biosynthesis of numerous other biologically active lipid-derived derivatives; furthermore, this alkyl chain-based structure functions as a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) linker utilized in the chemical synthesis of various PROTAC molecules designed for targeted protein degradation.

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is an important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and glycolysis, involved in various metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle and glycolysis in plants. It is also associated with the lack of transaldolase, a congenital metabolic error.

Uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) is a pyrimidine nucleotide sugar, serving as a precursor for oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids containing glucose. It is a key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and participates in numerous enzymatic reactions, acting as a P2Y14 agonist.

Pixatimod (also known as PG-545) is a synthetic carbohydrate-modified heparan sulfate mimetic and a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist. It exhibits potential immunostimulatory, antitumor, and antiviral effects. Pixatimod effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 by disrupting the spike protein-ACE2 interaction. Additionally, it blocks various cancer-promoting processes such as cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These effects have demonstrated significant efficacy in numerous mouse cancer models, including about 30 xenograft models and 20 syngeneic models. Pixatimod has been tested in combination with several approved anticancer compounds, showing clinical potential when used with gemcitabine, paclitaxel, sorafenib, platinum compounds, and anti-PD-1 antibodies.

Zotiraciclib (also known as TG02 and SB1317) is an innovative small-molecule compound with potent inhibitory effects on CDK, JAK2, and FLT3. By inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and depleting Myc, it serves as a treatment for cancers that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Zotiraciclib is one of the numerous CDK inhibitors under investigation; other compounds targeting CDK9, utilized for treating acute myeloid leukemia, include alvocidib and atuveciclib. Myc overexpression is a known factor in many cancers, with 80% of glioblastomas exhibiting this characteristic.

Clozapine (HF 1854) dihydrochloride is utilized for researching psychiatric disorders. This compound exhibits high affinity for numerous neuroreceptors and acts as an effective antagonist of dopamine receptors, with a Ki value of 75 nM. Clozapine inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor, with Ki values of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively. Additionally, Clozapine is a selective agonist of the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50 = 11 nM).

AD57, as polypharmacological cancer therapeutic, is designed to regulate multiple targets related to cancer blocks the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in Drosophila (IC50: 2 nM). AD57 effectively suppresses tyrosine kinase RET, weakens the activity of numero