parasites

Tizoxanide (Desacetyl-nitazoxanide) is a metabolite of lamivudine. Lamivudine (2', 3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine, commonly called 3TC) is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nRTI).

Epoxyazadiradione is an extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica) plant and may induce mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibition of NF-kB in human cervical cancer cells.

Nimbolide suppresses CDK4 CDK6 kinase activity. Nimbolide inhibits the NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Nimbolide causes apoptosis through the inactivation of NF-κB. Nimbolide is a triterpene derived from the leaves and flowers

ABMA is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of intracellular toxins and pathogens, efficiently protecting cells against various pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and parasites. ABMA selectively acts on host cell late endosomes rather than targeting the toxin or pathogen itself.

Allopurinol riboside is a metabolite of allopurinol with potency against parasites. Allopurinol riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine with a Ki of 277 μM.

SNX0723 is a potent Hsp90 Inhibitor with anti-Plasmodium activity. SNX0723 shows high binding affinity for HsHsp90 and PfHsp90 with Kis of 4.4 and 47 nM, respectively. SNX0723 inhibits liver-stage P. berghei ANKA parasites with the EC50 of 3.3 μM.

Aklomide (2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzamide) is used in poultry to treat parasites.

Pyrimethamine (Pirimecidan) is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), used as an antimalarial drug.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Toltrazuril (Toltrazurilo), an antiprotozoal agent, has effect on Coccidia parasites.

Azamethiphos, an organothiophosphate insecticide, is used in Atlantic salmon fish farming to control parasites.

Nitroxynil (4-Hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrobenzonitrile) is an anthelmintic compound that effectively targets parasites in both adult and immature stages. It is extensively employed in investigations pertaining to Fasciola hepatica infection.

Toltrazuril sulfone (Ponazuril) is an antiprotozoal agent that acts upon Coccidia parasites.

Nitenpyram (Capstar) is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR) agonist, used as veterinary medicine to treat parasites of livestock and pets.

Chiniofon (Ferron), a halogenated 8-hydroxyquinoline, is used as an antiamebic drug. This type of anti-amebic drug exerts an anti-amebic effect by inhibiting intestinal commensal bacteria and affects amoebic dysentery, but has no effect on extra-intestinal amoebic parasites.

Quinine sulfate dihydrate plays a major role in potassium channel blockers. It is also used as an antimalarial, anticholinergic, antihypertensive and a hypoglycemic agent. It inhibits mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium channel. It is also used to study the metabolism of biocrystalized heme, hemozoin, in malarial parasites and to study the toxicity of heme (FP)-complexes.

Anti-parasitic agent 3 is effective against drug-resistant parasites.

Bithionol sulfoxide (Bithionoloxide) is a compound with inhibitory effects on parasites, suppressing the activity of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola hepatica.

NPD1335, a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma brucei phosphodiesterase B1 (TbrPDEB1), exhibits submicromolar activity against T. brucei parasites and an improved cytotoxicity profile. By elevating intracellular cAMP levels, NPD1335 disrupts the cell cycle, leading to cell death [1].

(±)-Licarin A ((±)-trans-Dehydrodiisoeugenol), a dihydrobenzofuran neolignan formed via oxidative coupling of isoeugenol with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme, exhibits 100% parasite mortality at 200 μM.

BRD9185 is an inhibitor of Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with an EC50 of 16 nM against multidrug-resistant blood-stage parasites in vitro.

DSM265 (PfSPZ) is a dihydroorotic acid dehydrogenase inhibitor with antimalarial activity (IC50: 8.9 nM).DSM265 inhibits the growth of Pf3D7 parasites and can be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria infections.

HDAC-IN-76 (compound 6i), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, demonstrates robust antimalarial activity, particularly against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium. The compound exhibits potent efficacy with IC 50 values of 30 nM and 98 nM against Pf3D7 (chloroquine drug-susceptible strain) and PfDd2 (chloroquine drug-resistant strain), respectively. Moreover, HDAC-IN-76 shows selective inhibition towards parasites, displaying IC 50 values of 7 nM and 9 nM against human HDAC1 and HDAC6, respectively, and effectively inhibits PfHDAC1.

S-WJM992 (compound 10ahb) serves as an antiparasitic agent, effectively inhibiting ATPase activity in high [Na+] environments. It also significantly counteracts parasites resistant to PfATP4 inhibitors. Additionally, S-WJM992 acts as a potential transmission blocker by impeding gamete development and halting the transmission of parasites to mosquitoes during blood feeding.