seizures

Bumetanide (PF 1593) is a potent sulfamoylanthranilic acid derivative belonging to the class of loop diuretics. In the brain, bumetanide may prevent seizures in neonates by blocking the bumetanide-sensitive sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC1), thereby inhibiting chloride uptake thus, decreasing the internal chloride concentration in neurons and may block the excitatory effect of GABA in neonates.

Trimethadione (3,5,5-Trimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione) is a dione-type anticonvulsant with antiepileptic activity.

Benzolamide (CL 11366) inhibits carbonic anhydrase effectively and low-threshold calcium currents in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.

Licarbazepine (10,11-hydroxy-10,11 Dihydrocarbamezer) is the pharmacologically active metabolite of oxcarbazepine, a drug indicated for the treatment of partial seizures and bipolar disorders.

Pheneturide (Benuride) is the ureide class, used to treat epilepsy, and is an anticonvulsant.

CGP 37849 is a competitive orally active N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ((Ki = 35 nM)) with potency.CGP 37849 is an anticonvulsant in rodents and also has antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.

C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) (1-22), human, is the 1-22 fragment of the parent C-Type Natriuretic Peptide.

Kainic acid is an excitatory amino acid receptor agonist (EC50=16.2 μM). Kainic acid is an effective excitatory toxic agent. Kainic acid induces epileptic seizures.

Z944 is a T-type calcium channel blocker. Z944 delays the progression of seizures in the amygdala kindling model. Z944 disrupts prepulse inhibition in both epileptic and non-epileptic rats.

Fluzinamide (AHR-8559) has anticonvulsant effects on ignited amygdala seizures.

Losigamone (AO-33), an agonist of the GABA receptor, can be utilized in studies on the treatment of partial seizures.

Denzimol is a novel anticonvulsant compound.Denzimol is selective for tonic seizures.

Dulozafone (F1933) has an anti- showed anticonvulsant activity in a brain amygdala ignition model and protected fully ignited rats from generalized seizures.

Levetiracetam (SIB-S1) is a relatively unique anticonvulsant that is typically used in combination with other antiepileptic medications for partial onset seizures. Levetiracetam has been linked to rare instances of serum aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase elevations during treatment and to rare cases of clinically apparent drug induced liver disease.

Zonisamide (AD 810), a sulfonamide anticonvulsant, is approved for use as an adjunctive treatment in adults with partial-onset seizures. It may inhibit a carbonic anhydrase although this is not one of the main mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels results in a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may lower the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while increasing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

Topiramate (RWJ 17021) is a unique antiseizure medication that is used in the treatment of partial and generalized seizures. Topiramate has been rarely associated with hepatic injury and largely when used in combination with other anticonvulsant medications.

Ethosuximide (Zarontin) is an anticonvulsant, blocks the low voltage-activated T-type calcium channel used in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.

Beclamide (Chlorakon) (N-benzyl-B-chloropropionamide) is a drug that possesses anticonvulsant activity. It is no longer used. It has been used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant. It was studied in the 1950s for its anticonvulsant properties, as a treatment for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It was not effective for absence seizures.

Eslicarbazepine Acetate (Zebinix) is an anticonvulsant medication approved for use in Europe, the United States and Canada as an adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures that are not adequately controlled with conventional therapy.

Magnesium sulfate is the preferred anticonvulsant for preventing and controlling eclamptic seizures. Additionally, it is extensively utilized as a tocolytic agent.

Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (Minaline) was first identified as a degradation product of sialic acids, then as a derivative of the oxidation of the D-hydroxyproline isomers by mammalian D-amino acid oxidase. The latter relationship results from the lability of the direct oxidation product, A'-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which loses water spontaneously to form the pyrrole. A similar reaction is catalyzed by the more specific allohydroxy-D-proline oxidase of Pseudomonas. In whole animal observations, pyrrole-2-carboxylate (PCA) ' was identified in rat or human urine after administration of the D-isomers of hydroxyproline, a finding ascribable to the action of D-amino acid oxidase. Urinary excretion of N-(pyrrole-2-carboxyl) glycine has been reported in a 5-year-old affected with type II hyperprolinemia; The child has mild developmental delay, recurrent seizures of the grand mal type and EEG alterations.

DL-Homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride (DL-Homocysteinethiolactone hydrochloride) is a cysteine derivative that binds to and induces conformational changes in various plasma proteins, slowing coagulation and inducing oxidative stress. It decreases left ventricular systolic blood pressure and cardiac force and induces seizures in vivo.

Gabapentin hydrochloride (Neurontin HCl) is a GABA analogue, used to treat seizures and neuropathic pain.

Prilocaine (NSC-40027) is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type, which acts on the sodium channel on the neuronal membrane and limits the spread of seizures.