proteoglycan

Copper tripeptide (GHK-Cu) is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, with a strong affinity for copper(II). First isolated from human plasma, it is also found in saliva and urine.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) is a glycoprotein formed by the covalent bonding of a core protein with heparan sulfate chains. It is a component of the basement membrane.

Bafilomycin A1 belongs to the macrolide class of antibiotics and is a V-ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.44 nM) that is specific and reversible. Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of the late phase of autophagy, blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Bafilomycin A1 also induces apoptosis.

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

Heparan sulfate is a natural product, a linear polysaccharide. Heparan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (HSPG) that is tightly attached to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins.

Link N peptide is an activator of proteoglycan aggregates found in the extracellular matrix. It selectively activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, enhancing the expression of type I and II collagen in human intervertebral disc cells. Link N peptide shows potential for research on diseases related to intervertebral disc degeneration.

Ki11502 is a multi-target receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that selectively inhibits the activity of PDGFβ/α receptors (with an IC50 of less than 10 nM). It specifically suppresses PDGFβ receptor phosphorylation, proliferation, and proteoglycan synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Additionally, Ki11502 induces apoptosis and exhibits significant antiproliferative effects against specific leukemia subgroups, including those with Imatinib-resistant mutations. It is particularly suitable for studying the role of PDGF in vascular diseases and the involvement of proteoglycans in atherosclerosis.

Aminoquinuride, also known as Surfen, is a proteoglycan binding agent that reduces inflammation but inhibits remyelination in murine models of Multiple Sclerosis. Murine T cell activation is regulated by Surfen.

RO314724 is a HDAC inhibitor. RO314724 is also a a reversible, tightly binding, MMP inhibitor with a Ki of 26 nm. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the key enzymes of the proteolytic destruction of cartilage matrix during chronic rheumatic diseases. Ro314724 displayed MMP-proteoglycanase inhibitory activity both in vitro and ex vivo and proved to be not harmful to the morphology, viability and proteoglycan biosynthesis of bovine articular cartilage explants.

PTPσ Inhibitor ISP is a compound that binds to recombinant human PTPs, thereby inhibiting PTPσ signaling. It has the capability to penetrate membranes and counteract the inhibitory effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) on axonal sprouting in spinal cord injury models. Additionally, it fosters remyelination in lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelinated spinal cords and supports the migration and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), enhancing remyelination and functional recovery in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) animal models [1] [2].

Ledelabricin alfa, an isoform A variant of human proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), functions as a lubricant for joints and boundaries. It is utilized in the study of arthropathy [1].

DSPE-PEG2000-LTLRWVGLMS is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the decapeptide (LTLRWVGLMS). Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 is the receptor for LLRWVGLMS. LLRWVGLMS demonstrates homing to pericytes associated with tumor vasculature. DSPE-PEG2000-LTLRWVGLMS can be utilized for drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG2000-TAASGVRSMH is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and TAASGVRSMH. This compound exhibits strong affinity for the NG2 proteoglycan on PC membranes. DSPE-PEG2000-TAASGVRSMH can be utilized for drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG1000-LTLRWVGLMS is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the decapeptide (LTLRWVGLMS). The receptor for LLRWVGLMS is the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2. LLRWVGLMS demonstrates homing to pericytes associated with tumor vasculature. DSPE-PEG1000-LTLRWVGLMS can be utilized for drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG3000-TAASGVRSMH is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and TAASGVRSMH. TAASGVRSMH exhibits a strong affinity for the NG2 proteoglycan on the PC membrane. DSPE-PEG3000-TAASGVRSMH can be utilized in drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG1000-TAASGVRSMH is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and TAASGVRSMH. The TAASGVRSMH sequence exhibits high affinity for the NG2 proteoglycan on PC membranes. DSPE-PEG1000-TAASGVRSMH is useful for drug delivery applications.

DSPE-PEG5000-LTLRWVGLMS is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the decapeptide (LTLRWVGLMS). Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 serves as a receptor for LLRWVGLMS. LLRWVGLMS demonstrates homing to pericytes associated with tumor vasculature. DSPE-PEG5000-LTLRWVGLMS can be utilized for drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG3400-TAASGVRSMH is a PEGylated compound consisting of DSPE and TAASGVRSMH. TAASGVRSMH exhibits strong affinity for NG2 proteoglycan on PC membranes. DSPE-PEG3400-TAASGVRSMH is applicable for drug delivery.

DSPE-PEG3400-LTLRWVGLMS is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the decapeptide (LTLRWVGLMS). The receptor for LLRWVGLMS is chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2. LLRWVGLMS demonstrates homing to pericytes associated with tumor vasculature. DSPE-PEG3400-LTLRWVGLMS can be utilized for drug delivery.

D-(+)-Xylose (Standard) is the standard substance of D-(+)-Xylose, and it is applicable for quantitative analysis, quality control, and related research in biochemical experiments. D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

CAQK peptide specifically binds to injured mouse brain tissue and targets demyelinating areas without affecting healthy tissue. It interacts with a proteoglycan complex that is upregulated in brain injuries, making it useful for drug delivery applications. Additionally, CAQK peptide can penetrate the blood-brain barrier [1] [2].

Osteoblast-Adhesive Peptide (Lys-Arg-Ser-Arg) acetate is an adhesion peptide utilized as a dental or orthopedic biomaterial to facilitate and strengthen the attachment of osteoblasts (anchor-dependent cells). Osteoblast adhesion is mediated through integrin and proteoglycan mechanisms. This peptide acetate may exhibit specificity for osteoblasts or bone cells in the proteoglycan-mediated adhesion process.

NG2 binding peptide is a specific short peptide that recognizes the NG2 proteoglycan and can be obtained via phage display technology. This peptide achieves precise targeting of tumor neovasculature in vitro and in vivo through interaction with NG2 binding sites. It demonstrates significant homing ability in wild-type tumor-bearing mice but shows no localization effect in NG2 knockout mice. Due to the tissue-specific expression of NG2, the NG2 binding peptide can be applied in tumor-targeted therapy, drug delivery, and molecular imaging diagnostics.

Keratin sulfate is a heparin-related proteoglycan that can interact with receptors or alter their stability and function. Unlike some other compounds, keratin sulfate does not enhance the mitogenic effect of FGF-2.