epithelium

Dinoprost (Prostaglandin F2a) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin. It is used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient.

Dinoprost tromethamine salt (PGF2α THAM) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient.

Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E) is a fluorescent chromophore isolated from lipofuscin in retinal pigment epithelium, a lipophilic cation and weak photosensitizer with cytotoxicity. A2E promotes apoptosis under blue light exposure and induces autophagy under photoactivation, damaging membrane integrity in a concentration-dependent manner.

GS-9191 is a potent inhibitor of DNA polymerase alpha and ß , a prodrug of the novel nucleoside analogue 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)guanine (PMEG) , which penetrates the skin and is metabolized in the epithelium to an active nucleoside triphosphate analogue.GS-9191 has antiproliferative activity and reduces the size of papillomas in a dose-related manner.GS-9191 may be useful in the treatment of HPV-induced lesions.

Dextran sulfate sodium salt (MW 36,000–50,000) is a medium molecular weight polyanionic dextran derivative with strong intestinal epithelial permeability. It is the most commonly used agent for inducing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models, effectively inducing both acute and chronic colitis. Its mechanism may involve macrophage dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Due to its colonic epithelial toxicity, long-term use can also induce colorectal cancer models.

Sofalcone (SU-88), a gastric antiulcer agent in clinical use, is known to induce the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in gastric epithelium.

D-Kynurenine (ZINC901103) is a metabolite of D-tryptophan and an agonist of GPR109B. D-Kynurenine activates AhR and promotes the conversion of the epithelium to mesenchyme. D-Kynurenine serves as a substrate in the fluorescence analysis of D-amino acid oxidase.

Duramycin is a cyclic peptide lantibiotic derived from Streptomyces cinnamoneuma. Duramycin interacts with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and has antibacterial, antiviral effects. Duramycin stimulates chloride secretion in airway epithelium and has the potential for cystic fibrosis treatment.

RS-246204 is an R-spondin-1 substitute compound capable of initiating and sustaining intestinal organoids in R-spondin-1-deficient media, activating R-spondin-dependent pathways in DSS-induced colitis models, and promoting regeneration of damaged intestinal epithelium.

CRX 527 is a TLR4 ligand and serves as an adjuvant for peptide cancer vaccines, enhancing anti-tumor immune responses. CRX 527 also induces hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation, increasing the proportion and number of LSK cells, and promotes their differentiation into macrophages. This activation bolsters immune defense and protects intestinal epithelium from radiation damage.

Anti-inflammatory agent 86 is a derivative of Chrysin with anti-inflammatory properties. It inhibits TNF-α-induced monocyte adhesion to colon epithelium, with an IC50 of 4.71 μM. Anti-inflammatory agent 86 shows potential for use in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) research.

Amb929 (ZINC000002782982), an nsp3 ligand, is a drug active against SARS-CoV-2. It inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2-mNG in VeroE6 cells with an EC50 value of 34.7 µM. Amb929 exhibits limited to moderate cytotoxicity in VeroE6 cells (CC50: 281 µM) and also suppresses the replication of SARS-CoV-2-mNG in human airway epithelium (HAE).

SC 32855 is a 1,4-benzodiazepine that has been shown to arrest of spermatogenesis and degeneration of the germinal epithelium.

SCH 12223 is a unique drug that protects the stomach and intestinal epithelium from harmful irritation.

STA 2 is an analogue of TXA2, a thromboxane receptor in the colonic epithelium.

Sucrose octasulfate (SOS), a component of the gastrointestinal protectant sucralfate, is an alkaline aluminum-sucrose complex that inhibits peptic hydrolysis and raises gastric pH, protecting esophageal epithelium against acid injury. It can bind to exosite II of thrombin (KD = ~1.4 μM) and inhibit its catalytic activity (IC50 = 4.5 μM) and, as such, has been used as a surrogate for heparin. Furthermore, SOS has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in mouse melanoma and lung carcinoma models by preventing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) binding to endothelial cells and also by removing any pre-bound FGF-2 from these cells (IC50 = ~2 μg/ml).

11-cis Retinol is an isomer of vitamin A, serving as an agonist for red rod optochromin and an inverse agonist for red cone optochromin.

LL-37 is a cationic and α-helical antimicrobial peptide expressed in human bone marrow, testis, granulocytes, and gingival epithelium and is upregulated in psoriatic lesions. It inhibits growth of Gram-positive E. coli D21 and Gram-negative B. megatarium in a concentration-dependent manner and LL-37 expression is induced in A549 epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived macrophages following M. tuberculosis infection. LL-37 binds sheep erythrocytes coated with S. minnesota Re-LPS and induces agglutination with a minimal agglutinating concentration (MAC) of 12.1 μg/ml. It is a chemoattractant for, and can induce calcium mobilization in, human monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells that naturally express formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) and FPRL1-transfected HEK293 cells. LL-37 (10-15 μM) pretreatment of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) reduces its infectivity as well as levels of viral genomic RNA and NS1 antigen. In vivo, LL-37 inhibits cecal ligation and puncture-induced caspase-1 activation and pyroptosis of peritoneal macrophages, reduces levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and improves survival in polybacterial septic mice.

Gaultherin has analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities.Gaultherin lacks gastric ulcerogenic effect, because of it released salicylate in intestine slowly, not in stomach and it left the cyclooxygenase-1 unaffected, which was the source of cytoprotecti

Lavendustin B is a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor and an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase (IN) interaction with its cognate cellular cofactor, lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75).

Piriprost is a leukotriene inhibitor attenuates the smoke-induced increase in alveolar-capillary barrier permeability and decrease in plasminogen activator activity and causes a swelling of type I alveolar epithelium.

Y27632 HCl hydrate is an orally effective, ATP-competitive ROCK1/ROCK2 inhibitor (Ki=220 nM/300 nM) that inhibits caspase-3 and suppresses stem cell apoptosis induced by multiple conditions. It is suitable for studying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture.

Myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside, a quercetin derivative and plant flavonoid, exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiurease properties. It inhibits A2E photooxidation-induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell death and offers protection against retinal degeneration as well as blue light (BL)-induced damage in RPE cells and mouse models [1].

Bezlotoxumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to Clostridium difficile toxin B. By neutralizing the toxin, Bezlotoxumab prevents epithelial damage and colitis, thereby reducing the recurrence of C. difficile infections and protecting intestinal integrity.