elongation

Fusidic acid (Fusidine) is an antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.

Fusidic acid sodium salt (SQ-16360) is a sodium salt form of fusidic acid, a bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from the fungus Fusidium coccineum and used as a topical medication to treat skin infections.

Cycloheximide (Naramycin A) is a natural product . Cycloheximide‘s IC50 values for protein synthesis and RNA synthesis in vivo are 532.5 nM and 2880 nM, respectively. Cycloheximide inhibits ferroptosis and autophagy and is an antifungal antibiotic.

G-418 disulfate (Geneticin sulfate) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that selectively inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis by blocking peptide chain elongation.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Hedonal) is a synthetic auxin used as a plant growth regulator and also used as a supplement in plant cell culture media. It is an active ingredient in herbicides used to disrupts the actin cytoskeleton for the control of root elongation and cell production.

Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride (Dalimycin) is a tetracycline derivative produced by Streptomyces rimosus with antimicrobial activity. It interferes with the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, resulting in preventing peptide elongation and inhibiting protein synthesis.

3-Indoleacetic acid sodium (Heteroauxin sodium salt) is a naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. It can stimulate cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development. However, at high concentrations, it exhibits growth inhibiting effects, including epinasty and prevention of shoot and root growth. This latter effect formed the basis for which synthetic auxins were developed as herbicides and bioregulators in agriculture.

Dihydropinosylvinin is an phytoalexin, it shows antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium schlerotgenum, it also exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, S

Haemanthamine is an alkaloid isolated from the Amaryllidaceae plants with potent anticancer activity. It inhibits protein biosynthesis during the elongation stage of translation. It has antimalarial, pro-apoptotic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticonvulsa

Cytochalasin E is a potent actin depolymerization agent and an epoxide containing Aspergillus-derived fungal metabolite. Cytochalasin E also inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. It binds and caps the barbed end of actin filaments to prevent actin elong

Lactimidomycin, isolated from Streptomyces, is an inhibitor of eukaryotic translation elongation. It is also a potent and non-toxic inhibitor of dengue virus 2 and other RNA viruses. Lactimidomycin has an antiproliferative effect on tumor cell lines. It i

Brassinolide (Brassin lactone) is a plant hormone isolated from rapeseed (Brassica napus) promoting stem elongation and cell division.

Homoharringtonine (HHT) is a natural alkaloid that inhibits the translation of proteins and is cytotoxic. Homoharringtonine acts on the ribosomes of tumor cells to inhibit the elongation step of protein translation, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis, and has antitumor activity.

Monocerin is a fungal metabolite that has been found inF. larvarumand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3It is active against the bacteriaE. coliandB. megaterium, the phytopathogenic fungusM. violaceum, and the algaC. fuscain an agar diffusion assay when used at a concentration of 50 μg/disc.1Monocerin (17.5 μg/ml) induces mortality in adultC. erythrocephala.2It reduces root elongation in pre-germinatedS. halepenseseeds when used at a concentration of 33 ppm.3 1.Zhang, W., Krohn, K., Draeger, S., et al.Bioactive isocoumarins isolated from the endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyiJ. Nat. Prod.71(6)1078-1081(2008) 2.Claydon, N., Grove, J.F., and Pople, M.Insecticidal secondary metabolic products from the entomogenous fungus Fusarium larvarumJ. Invertebr. Pathol.33(3)364-367(1979) 3.Robeson, D.J., and Strobel, G.A.Monocerin, a phytotoxin from Exserohilum turcicum (Drechslera turcica)Agr. BioI. Chem.46(11)2681-2683(1982)

Kirromycin is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces and an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis. It inhibits isoleucine incorporation, polyphenylalanine synthesis, and growth of B. brevis. Kirromycin inhibits elongation factor Tu-dependent peptidyl transfer activity in E. coli.

(±)-Jasmonic acid (trans-Jasmonic acid) is a compound found in grapevine inflorescences and fruits with pro-aging activity, inhibiting chlorophyll levels in green and yellowing barley leaf segments, suppressing rice seedling elongation, and participating in biogenic amine chemical coupling through decarboxylation with both aliphatic and aromatic α-amino acids.

(Rac)-Brassinazole are a class of phytohormones with essential roles in plant growth and development, including the promotion of stem elongation and cell division. Brassinazole is a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor.

Haemanthamine hydrochloride, a crinine-type alkaloid derived from Amaryllidaceae plants, exhibits potent anticancer properties. It acts by targeting ribosomes, thereby inhibiting protein biosynthesis during the translation elongation stage. Additionally, this compound demonstrates pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, antiviral, antimalarial, and anticonvulsant activities [1] [2].

Tur1A, an antimicrobial peptide sourced from the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncates), impedes bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this inhibition by attaching to ribosomes and obstructing the progression from the initiation phase to the elongation phase [1].

Cytochalasin K (Compound 7) is a cytochalasin known to inhibit wheat root elongation, exhibiting an IC50 value of 22.58 μM [1].

10-Phenyl-[12]-cytochalasins Z16 (Compound 5), a member of the cytochalasins, inhibits wheat root elongation with an IC50 of 17.35 μM [1].

Magainin 2, a cationic peptide derived from the African clawed frog (X. laevis) skin, exhibits host defense and antimicrobial properties. This compound effectively inhibits a range of pathogens, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis, S. aureus bacteria, and C. albicans fungus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5, 10, 10, 50, and 80 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, at a concentration of 20 µM, Magainin 2 significantly reduces the germination and tube elongation in kiwi fruit pollen. It also curtails viral replication in Vero cells infected by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) or HSV-2, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 22.16 and 19.8 µM, respectively, while demonstrating low toxicity to these cells, shown by a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) greater than 100 µM.

Gibberllin A7 (Gibberllin 7) is important plant growth hormones that promote plant cell growth and elongation. Gebberillins promote rapid stem and root growth, induce mitotic division and initiate (break dormancy) and increase seed germination rates. The gibberellins are also involved in processes such as gravitropism, tensioning and floral display.Gibberellin A3 (G1025, G7645) and A4 (G7276) may be used as supplements to plant growth media such as Murashige and Skoog media. The specific actions of A3 and A4 or combinations of Gebberellins should be determined in specific plant applications.

Medicarpin-3-O-glucoside, a phytoalexin, inhibits the germination of G. intraradices spores and hyphal elongation.