endotoxin

Endotoxin Inhibitor acetate has a strong blocking effect on bacterial physiological activity, thus producing antibacterial toxin Inhibitor sequences with disulfide bonds and a large amount of lysine. Endotoxin Inhibitor acetate is more likely to exert phy

Endotoxin Inhibitor TFA is a synthetic peptide that exhibits high-affinity binding to lipid A, effectively detoxifying LPS and impeding LPS-induced cytokine release in vivo. It also suppresses the febrile response to LPS while demonstrating minimal toxicity and lethality [1].

XMP-629, an endotoxin inhibitor, is used potentially for the treatment of impetigo and acne rosacea.

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

LF 11 acetate exhibits antibacterial activities and can be used for the development of endotoxin-neutralizing and antibacterial agents.

Maxadilan is a specific and irreversible PAC1 receptor agonist and a potent vasodilatory peptide found in the salivary glands of sand flies. In human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), Maxadilan exhibits anti-apoptotic activity. It suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) and enhances anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10). Maxadilan activates leukocytes and inhibits vascular permeability via the PAC1 receptor. It also promotes neuronal differentiation in human adipose stem cells. This compound is useful for research on endotoxin shock, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.