anti-inflammatory effect

Flunixin meglumine (Banamine) is an effective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase with anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity.

GW9662 (TIMTEC-BB SBB006523) is a PPARγ antagonist (IC50=3.3 nM) with selectivity. GW9662 can be used to study the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, by inhibiting the activity of PPARγ. GW9662 can be used to study the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. GW9662 has anti-tumor effect.

Gallic acid (Benzoic acid) is found in almost all plants. Plants known for their high gallic acid content include gallnuts,grapes,tea,hops and oak bark.

Desonide (Prednacinolone) is a synthetic glucocorticosteroid for topical use, with anti-inflammatory activity. Desonide binds to glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm, and the ligand-receptor complex is translocated as a homodimer into the nucleus, where transcription activation via glucocorticoid response elements within glucocorticoid-responsive genes occur. This agent induces transcription of genes coding for anti-inflammatory proteins, including lipocortin-1, interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and neutral endopeptidase. Increased synthesis of lipocortin-1 has an inhibitory effect on phospholipase A2, which in turn inhibits the release of arachidonic acid, thereby controlling the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Protocatechuic acid methyl ester), a key metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols in green tea, exhibits significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Clobetasol propionate (CGP9555) exerts its effect by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently activates glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression. This results in the synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators. Clobetasol Propionate is the propionate salt form of clobetasol, a topical synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. Specifically, clobetasol propionate appears to induce phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, thereby controlling the release of the inflammatory precursor arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

Glabridin (KB-289522) may serve as an anti-inflammatory agent in diabetes-related vascular dysfunction, through regulating the synthesis and activity of iNOS under high-glucose levels; may possess a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders( such as diabetes and hyperglycemia), by modulating glucose metabolism through AMPK in skeletal muscle cells. Glabridin may have potential as a chemopreventive agent against liver Y metastasis, by inhibiting the invasion of human HCC cells.

Gallic Acid Monohydrate (3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Monohydrate) is a hydrate of Gallic Acid, a natural polyhydroxyphenol, which inhibits the free radical scavenging effect of COX-2, and possesses a variety of physiological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antibacterial.

Nerolidol acetate is a natural sesquiterpene with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-insect activities. Nerolidol acetate can inhibit parasite activity and inhibit schistosomiasis, nematodes, malaria, etc. Nerolidol acetate protects cells from oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, and has a protective effect on mouse hippocampal nerve cells.

Rupatadine (UR-12592, rupatadine) is a potent and orally available dual antagonist of PAF and histamine H1 receptors with Ki values of 0.55 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively, which provides relief of allergic symptoms and anti-inflammatory properties, and is used in allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.

Neoandrographolide (Neoandrographiside) has potent hypolipidemic effect and protects the cardiovascular without significant liver damage.Neoandrographolide has anti-inflammatory effect, might result from inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibiting p38 MAPKs activation.Neoandrographolide as chemosensitizer in S-Jurkat and X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-overexpressing Jurkat cells, a model for chemoresistance.

Sanggenon C is a flavanone Diels-Alder adduct compound isolated from the root bark of Morus alba. Sanggenon C can inhibit NF-κB activity, inhibit the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in RAW264.7 cells, and inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated cell adhesion and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression; Sanggenon C also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and also has the effect of inhibiting pancreatic lipase. [1,2]

Campesterol ((24R)-5-Ergosten-3β-ol) is a plant sterol with cholesterol lowering and anticarcinogenic effects, it and other plant sterols often decrease LDL cholesterol levels overall. Campesterol has anti-inflammatory effect, it inhibits several pro-inflammatory and matrix degradation mediators typically involved in osteoarthritis- induced cartilage degradation, also sometimes used to treat some specific prostate conditions.

Bindarit is a selective inhibitor of monocyte chemoattractant proteins MCP-1 CCL2, MCP-3 CCL7 and MCP-2 CCL8 with anti-inflammatory effects. Bindarit specifically inhibits p65- and p65 p50-induced MCP-1 promoter activation and has no effect on other tested activated promoters.

1. 6-Shogaol (6-Shogaol) has antipyretic and analgesic effects in addition to inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase activity. 2. 6-shogaol has anti-inflammatory property, reduces the inflammatory response and protected the femoral cartilage from damage produced in a CFA monoarthritic model of the knee joint of rats. 3. 6-Shogaol inhibits the growth of human cancer cells and induces apoptosis in COLO 25 cells through modulation of mitochondrial functions regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4. 6-Shogaol effectively inhibit invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through diverse molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of the MAPK and PI3k Akt pathways and NF-κB and STAT3 activities to suppress expression of MMP-2 -9 and uPA and block angiogenesis, could further regulate urokinase-type plasminogen activity.

3-Epicorosolic acid has a potent inhibitory effect on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induction, it has potential anti-inflammatory activities as well as cancer chemopreventive activity.3-Epicorosolic acid shows both potent α-glucosidase and pro

Medrysone (6α-Methyl-11β-hydroxyprogesterone) is a topical, synthetic glucocorticoid with metabolic, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Medrysone exerts its effect by interacting with specific intracellular glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently binds to DNA to modify gene expression. This results in an induction of the synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators. Consequently, an overall reduction in chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions is accomplished.

Ankaflavin is isolated from Monascus-Fermented red rice and is a PPARγ agonist with anti-inflammatory activity. It shows the selective cytotoxic effect and induces cell death on cancer cells.

Asatone, an active component isolated from Radix et Rhizoma Asari, has an anti-inflammatory effect via activation of NF-κB and downregulation of p-MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) pathways.

Asparagusic acid is unique to asparagus. It is responsible for the odorous urine excreted after eating asparagus. Its derivatives ihydroasparagusic acid have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Beclomethasone 17-propionate is a glucocorticoid that is the active metabolite of Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP). As a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist, 17-BMP has a 13-fold higher affinity than BDP and inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, TNF-α, and IL-6, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect, and it is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis.

hDHODH-IN-1 is a human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (hDHODH) inhibitor exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties.

J-113863 is also a potent antagonist of the human CCR3 (IC50 of 0.58 nM) , but a weak antagonist of the mouse CCR3 (IC50 of 460 nM). J-113863 is inactive against CCR2, CCR4 and CCR5, as well as the LTB4 or TNF-α receptors. Anti-inflammatory effect. J-113863 is a potent and selective CCR1 (CD18) antagonist with IC50 values of 0.9 nM and 5.8 nM for human and mouse CCR1 receptors, respectively.