Covid-19

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Deferoxamine(Desferrioxamine B) is an iron chelator (binds Fe(III) and many other metal cations) that inhibits neuronopathy, may be used to modify the reduction of iron accumulation and deposition in tissues, and may improve neurological dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury.Desferrioxamin-B has antioxidant, antiproliferative, Deferoxamine has antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities, and can induce HIF-1α production, apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells.Desferrioxamin-B can be used in the treatment of acute iron toxicity and COVID-19 related diseases.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities.

Nicotinamide riboside chloride, also known as NR and SRT647, is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Cichoriin is a photosensitive compound, it could be used as herbal photosensitizing agent in treating benign breast tumor in rats.

Aplidine possesses antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2(IC90 = 0.88 nM). Aplidine is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 Alpha 2(EEF1A2, Kd = 80 nM).

Taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate (TCDCS) is a top-ranking classifier on the receiver operating characteristic curve for severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients.

Amantadine (1-Aminoadamantane) is an antiviral, is a weak antagonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, increases dopamine release, and blocks dopamine reuptake.

Kansuinine B inhibits Stat3 activation induced by IL-6. Kansuinine B exhibits anti-viral activity and could be used in COVID-19 research.

SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M pro), crucial for the virus's replication and transcription in host cells, with an IC50 value of 72.07 nM. Given its significant role in processing viral polyproteins, M pro is regarded as a key target in drug discovery efforts. Consequently, SARS-CoV MPro-IN-2 holds promise for COVID-19 research.

WDB002, a natural product belonging to the FK506 rapamycin family, targets CEP250 and may be employed in COVID-19 research [1].

Garcinone B, a xanthone derivative naturally isolated from the pericarp of Mangosteen, serves as a potent inhibitor of ACE2 and Mpro, and is utilized in COVID-19 research [1].

Euryachin E is an antimicrobial and antiviral agent identified from Eurya chinensis. It shows a MIC of 6.25 μg mL against B. cereus, a MIC of 0.78 μg mL against S. aureus, and an IC50 of 6.41 μM against COVID-19. Euryachin E is applicable in research related to infections and inflammation.

Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Gedunin is an Hsp90 inhibitor, and inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation.